Antibacterials (Cram)

What is the difference between antibiotics and antibacterials?

Antibacterials are man–made. They are not derived from mold or dirt specimens like antibiotics

True or false: All antibacterial drugs are broad spectrum

True

Fill in the blank: Sulfonamides are metabolized by the _____ and excreted by the _____.

liver, kidneys

Note: Since they must be excreted by the kidneys, patients must have good kidney function in order to use them

What are the three other active ingredients that are often added to sulfonamides?

1. Trimethoprim
2. Ormetoprim
3. Pyrimethamine

Note: These ingredients enhances the effect of sulfa drugs and makes them more bacteriocidal

You see this on a urinalysis of a patient taking a sulfa drug. How did the drug cause this?

The metabolites of sulfonamides have a tendency to accumulate in the kidneys and form crystals that can damage in the renal tubules

What is this condition called? It is a possible side effects of sulfonamide use in dogs

Dry eye

Which breed of dog is most likely to be allergic to sulfonamides?

Dobermans

Name some side effects of sulfonamides?

Rashes, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, dry eye, and allergic reactions

Note: Cats will have severe salivation as a side effect, but only if sulfonamides enter the mouth

True or false: Some sulfonamindes are OTC for scours/pneumonia treatments

True

True or false: Sulfonamides come in almost every dosage form and are use to treat a wide variety of infections. [Provide examples]

True

Examples: Pneumonia, UTI, GIT infections, etc.

Which of the following is NOT a sulfonamide drug: Sulfadiazine, sulfalfaxalone, sulfadoxine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxine, and sulfaguanidine

Sulfalfaxalone (I made it up)

How many times daily should sulfonamides be given, and how does species effect this decision?

There is some contreversy between 1–2 times a day, however they probably shouldn't be given more than once a day in cats

True or false: The use of sulfonamides is restricted to small animals

False. Most notably there are many sulfonamide scours treatments and boluses for cattle (like Sustain Bolus® or Calf Span®)

Which antibacterial can NOT be used in food producing animals?

Nitrofurans

Fill in the blank: Nitrofurans are mostly in a ______ form for use on infected ______. It can also be in a soluble dressing form for intra- use in ______ [species].

topical, wounds, horses

Despite being broad spectrum, which two types of microorganisms is metronidazole more effective against?

1. Anaerobic bacteria
2. Protozoa

What is a drug related to metronidazole that must be compounded?

Ronidazole

What is ronidazole used to treat in cats?

Tritrichomonas

Note: This is a protozoal bacteria that can cause diarrhea in cats

Which antibacterial drug has anti–fungal activity, especially when used with other anti–fungals

Rifampin

What is rifampin used to treat in horses?

Rhodococcus equi, which causes bronchopneumonia in foals

What is a notable side effect of rifampin? (Hint: it is important to tell clients about this)

Rifampin will make tears, saliva, and urine orange–red colour

Which two antibacterial drugs CANNOT be used in pregnant patients?

1. Metronidazole

2. Nitrofurans