Adenosine diphosphate
________ (ADP) is similar to ATP but has only two phosphate groups instead of three
Photosynthesis
________ takes place inside organelles called chloroplasts.
light independent reactions
During the ________, ATP and NADPH are used to make high- energy sugars.
Stroma
The liquid-filled space around the thylakoids in chloroplasts
Photosystem II
________: Light shining on pigments energizes electrons that come from water.
Plants
________ gather the suns energy with light- absorbing molecules called pigments.
Temperature
________ is one factor that can affect the rate of photosynthesis, as photosynthesis enzymes work best between 0°C and 35°C.
Plant cells
________ use molecules to carry high- energy electrons from chlorophyll to other places.
NADPH
The ________ carries the electrons to other parts of the cell, where the electrons and their energy can be used to help build useful molecules, such as sugars.
ATP
________ also helps proteins in muscles to slide closer together, a motion that makes muscles flex.
carbon dioxide
In the dark, ________ is used to make acids.
Energy
The ability to do work
phosphate groups
The ________ are the key to why ATP can store and release energy.
Water levels
________ also affect the rate of photosynthesis.
extra energy
When a cell has ________, it can store small amounts of it by adding a phosphate group to ADP molecules, which turns ADP into ATP.
Electron Transport
________: High- energy electrons move down the chain, which pumps H+ ions to the inside of the thylakoid.
Calvin cycle
The ________ is named after the American scientist Melvin Calvin.
light dependent reactions
The ________ take place in the thylakoids of chloroplasts, where they hold groups of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems that take in sunlight and use it to add energy to electrons; these electrons are passed to a set of carriers in the thylakoid membrane.
C4 plants
________ have a special chemical pathway that gets carbon into the Calvin cycle even when there is not much carbon dioxide available.
high energy
The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce ________ carbohydrates- sugars and starches- that can be used as food is known as photosynthesis.
ATP
________ comes from the chemical compounds that we call food, though different living things get their food from different sources.
phosphate groups
A cell can add or subtract these ________ whenever it needs to store or use energy.
Electron Transport
________: The reenergized electrons are transferred to NADP+, to make NADPH.
ATP
One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
ATP
Cells can give off the energy stored in ________ by breaking the chemical bonds between the second and third phosphate groups.
ATP
________ powers active transport by providing the energy needed to move material into and out of many cells.
There are two stages of photosynthesis
light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
Photosystem II
Light shining on pigments energizes electrons that come from water
Electron Transport
High-energy electrons move down the chain, which pumps H+ ions to the inside of the thylakoid
Photosystem I
Electrons are reenergized with more light
Electron Transport
The reenergized electrons are transferred to NADP+, to make NADPH
ATP Formation
Excess H+ ions spill out through ATP synthase; the protein rotates as each ion passes through, which changes ADP to ATP
Step 1
Carbon dioxide combines with molecules from the cycle that have five carbon atoms; molecules with three carbon atoms result
Step 2
Energy from ATP and NADPH energizes the 3-carbon-atom molecules
Step 3
Some of these molecules leave the cycle to make sugars and other compounds
Step 4
Energy from ATP changes the rest of the 3-carbon-atom molecules back into 5-carbon-atom molecules
Step 5
The 5-carbon-atom molecules can go through the cycle again
Heterotroph
A living thing that gets food by consuming, or eating, other living things
Autotroph
A living thing that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals to make its own food
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants and other autotrophs use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
Thylakoid
A baglike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts
NADP+
One of the molecules that accepts high-energy electrons from chlorophyll and carries them to other molecules during photosynthesis
Light-dependent reaction
A reaction of photosynthesis that uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to make high-energy sugars
Light-independent reaction
A reaction of photosynthesis that uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH
Photosystem
The light-collecting units of the chloroplast
Electron transport chain
A series of proteins in which high-energy electrons are used to change ADP to ATP
Chemical energy
The energy stored in chemical bonds
Pigments
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called _______
Chlorophyll
The most important pigment in plants is _______, which absorbs blue-violet light and red light best, though it does not absorb green light very well
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis takes place inside organelles called _______
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
Calvin cycle
Another name for light-independent reactions