Final Exam Review for Earth and Space Science

Scientific Method

A systematic process used to find new knowledge.

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Ask a Question 2. Do research to know more about your topic 3. Construct a Hypothesis 4. Experiment/test your hypothesis 5. Make a Conclusion 6. Share Results

Good Scientific Question

A question that includes an independent variable, a dependent variable, and is measurable.

Measurable Variables

Examples include Height, Weight, Speed, Heat.

Non-Measurable Variables

Examples include Opinions, Emotions, and unclear words like 'better,' 'prettier,' or 'healthier'.

Hypothesis

An educated guess or prediction of what will happen or how something works, which can be tested.

Hypothesis Structure

Must be written in the format: 'If (independent variable)... then (dependent variable).'.

Independent Variable

The variable that impacts the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is impacted by the independent variable.

Constant Variable

Any variable that the scientist keeps the same on purpose to prevent it from influencing the experiment.

Importance of Constant Variables

They ensure that the experiment is not influenced by other variables but only the independent variable.

Identifying Constant Variables

Everything that stays the same in an experiment is a constant.

Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Importance of Control Group

It remains unaffected, allowing for comparison with the experimental group.

Experimental Group

The group in an experiment that receives the experimental treatment.

Senses for Observations

Sight, Hearing, Taste, Touch, Smell.

Qualitative Observations

Observations that describe qualities or characteristics.

Examples of Qualitative Observations

Red, Soft, Sour, Dry.

Quantitative Observations

Numbers that describe something.

Examples of Quantitative Observations

12 meters, 20 hours, 34.5 degrees Celsius, 24 lbs.

Units for Mass

Grams.

Units for Time

Seconds, Minutes, Hours.

Units for Volume

Not specified in the notes.

Units for Temperature

Kelvin, Degrees Celsius, Degrees Fahrenheit.

Units for Speed

Meters per second.

Units for Length/Distance

Meters.

Kilo

1000 x unit

Hecto

100 x unit

Deka

10 x unit

Deci

1/10 unit or .1

Centi

1/100 unit or .01

Milli

1/1000 unit or .001

1 foot (ft)

12 inches (in)

1 yard (yd)

3 feet (ft)

1 mile (mi)

1,760 yards (yd)

1 tablespoon (tbsp)

3 teaspoons (tsp)

1 fluid ounce (fl oz)

2 tablespoons (tbsp)

1 cup

8 fluid ounces (fl oz)

1 pint (pt)

2 cups

1 quart (qt)

2 pints (pt)

1 gallon (gal)

4 quarts (qt)

1 ounce (oz)

16 drams

1 pound (lb)

16 ounces (oz)

1 ton (short ton)

2,000 pounds (lb)

Celsius to Fahrenheit

F = (C x 9/5) + 32

Fahrenheit to Celsius

C = (F - 32) x 5/9

Celsius to Kelvin

K = C + 273.15

Fahrenheit to Kelvin

K = [(F - 32) x 5/9] + 273.15

Convert 25°C to Fahrenheit

45°F

Convert 77°F to Celsius

25°C

Convert -15°C to Kelvin

258.15 K

Convert 140°F to Kelvin

333.15 K

5 components needed to create a good graph

Title, Labels, Units, Scale, Key/Legend

Unit of distance measured on graph

Inches, Meters, Yard, Miles

Unit of time measured on graph

Milliseconds, Seconds, Minutes, Secondaries

Rate at which distance is covered between Time = 2 s and Time = 10 s

2 miles/hour, 16 miles/hour, 2 meters/s, 16 meters/s

Total distance covered in 10 seconds

20 miles, 20 meters, 60 miles, 60 meters

Missing graph component in bar graph

Title, Units, Key, Labels

Variable measured on the y-axis

Angle, Application, Force, Degrees

Energy used by Appliance B in the kitchen

10 kWh, 35 kWh, 40 kWh, 55 kWh

Sum of energy that Appliance A uses across all three rooms

75 kWh, 100 kWh, 150 kWh, 200 kWh

Difference in energy usage between Appliance A and Appliance B in the Living Room

2 kWh, 5 kWh, 10 kWh, 20 kWh

Difference in energy usage for Appliance A between the Kitchen and the Bedroom

5, 10, 20, 30

Distance covered by Cyclist A at Time = 5 s

1 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m

Difference between distance covered between Cyclist A and Cyclist B at Time = 4 s

4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 15 m

Rate at which Cyclist B covered distance in 5 seconds

1 m/s, 3 m/s, 4 m/s, 15 m/s

Difference between rates at which Cyclist A and Cyclist B covered distance in 5 seconds

1 m/s, 5 m/s, 10 m/s, 20 m/s

Temperature trend measured in graph

Increasing, Decreasing, Staying the same, Increasing and decreasing

Graph showing temperature of

Air, Earth, Water, Fire

Rate of temperature change over 25 seconds

-50oC/min, -2oC/min, 50oC/min, 2oC/min

Unit of temperature measured on graph

Degrees Celsius, Degrees Fahrenheit, Kelvin