CSD200 Exam 2 Vocabulary

Communication Intention

the purpose or goal behind an utterance, which is conveyed through verbal or non-verbal means like gestures, facial expressions, or words

Joint Action

a shared social and communicative activity where two or more people have a common goal and coordinate their actions to achieve it.

Mutual Gaze

Eye contact between two or more people.

Protoconversation

the early, nonverbal, turn-taking communication between an infant and a caregiver, which uses vocalizations, gestures, facial expressions, and touch to create a back-and-forth exchange before the infant can speak.

Referencing

the ability to use language to connect words to things in the world.

Script

Using particular roles in a situation.

Social Smile

a genuine smile from a baby that is a form of social interaction

Analogy

Shows the relationship between words

Bootstrapping

the process by which children use their existing knowledge of one linguistic domain to learn another

Contingent

a back-and-forth interaction where a response is directly related to and dependent on the previous action or speech

Query

A spoken request; a question

Entrenchment

the cognitive process where linguistic knowledge becomes more established and automatic through repeated exposure and use

Expansion

a technique where an adult takes a child's limited utterance and repeats it while maintaining the meaning, but saying it as an adult would; “Doggie run.” “Yes, the thedoggie runs.”

Extension

a technique where an adult takes a child's simple utterance and responds by repeating it in a more complete grammatical form and adding new, related information; “Doggie run?” “Yes, the fast, brown dog is running down the road.”

Formula

formulaic language (fixed expressions like "how are you?")

Intention-reading

the process of figuring out the speaker's intended meaning, especially for children acquiring language.

Pattern-finding

involves identifying and categorizing regularities, such as phonological patterns (sound error patterns in children), phonotactic patterns (rules for sound combinations that help with word boundaries), speech patterns (individual speaking styles), and linguistic patterns (repeated words, phrases, or themes in text)

Preemption

the principle that the existence of a common word or phrase "preempts" or blocks the use of a less conventional one for the same meaning. For example, the established word "hospitalize" preempts the creation of a new, similar verb like "to hospital a patient”

Request for Clarification

To make something more clear; young children do not do this.

Scematization

the cognitive process of forming mental models, or schemas, to organize and interpret language based on past experiences; a mental framework.

Selective Imitation

a specific type of language learning where a person copies only certain actions, sounds, or words, often based on context or perceived relevance, demonstrating flexible social learning

Statistical Learning

the implicit process of recognizing patterns and regularities in sensory input; detecting patterns

Turnabout

a conversational strategy used by adults to encourage a child to talk by making a response that both comments on what the child said and requires a response from the child

Holophrase

a single word used by a young child to convey a complete idea, phrase, or sentence

Language Socialization

the lifelong process where individuals learn to use a language in ways that are appropriate to their culture and community through social interaction

Lexicon

a comprehensive mental and/or computational store of a language's vocabulary, containing information about words such as their meaning, pronunciation, and grammatical properties

Open Syllable

begin or end with a long vowel sound and have a consonant sound on only one end of the vowel rather than both ends

Otitis Media

inflammation of the middle ear.

Overextension

a child uses a word to refer to a broader category than is accurate, such as calling all four-legged animals "doggie" or all round things "ball".

Phonotactic Probability

the likelihood of a sound or sound sequence occurring in a language

Presupposition

an implicit assumption about the world or background belief that is taken for granted in a conversation.

Reduplication

a linguistic process where all or part of a word is repeated to change or emphasize its meaning

Semantic-feature Hypothesis

suggests that words are composed of basic features or components of meaning, and that a child's understanding of a word's meaning develops over time as they learn more features

Underextension

a developmental error where a child uses a word with a meaning that is too narrow, applying it only to a specific instance or context instead of all appropriate referents

Word Combination

Person + object, Person + action…

Agent

the entity that performs or initiates an action in a sentence

Anaphoric Reference

a linguistic technique where a word or phrase, like a pronoun, refers back to a noun or entity mentioned earlier in the text or conversation

Archiform

a speaker's tendency to use a single member of a word class to the exclusion of all others. (e.g. using only “a” and never using “an”)

Centering

a framework that explains how speakers and listeners track and coordinate their attention on certain entities (or "centers") throughout a conversation

Chaining

a technique that breaks down complex words or phrases into smaller, sequential steps

Deixis

the use of words or phrases whose meaning is entirely dependent on the context of the conversation, such as who is speaking, who they are speaking to, where they are, and when.

Ellipsis

the omission of words that are understood from the context of the conversation.

Event Structure

the underlying cognitive and linguistic framework used to represent and describe events

Free Alternation

the phenomenon where two or more different pronunciations of a sound or word can be used interchangeably in the same context without changing the word's meaning.

Interlanguage

the unique and evolving linguistic system created by a second language (L2) learner, which blends rules from their native language (L1) with the new target language (TL)

Narrative

A child’s ability to tell stories and sequence events

Narritive Level

Storytelling skills

Semantic Case

the role that a noun or other entity plays in relation to a verb, indicating who or what is performing or affected by an action.

Theory of Mind

the ability to understand that others have their own distinct mental states—such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and emotions—that influence their behavior.