Microbiology Chapter 1-1

What is Microbiology?

Micro= small

Bio=life

logy= study

Name for the branch of Bacteria

Bacteriology

Name for branch of Fungi

mycology

Name for branch of algae

phycology

Name for branch of virus

virology

Name for branch of protozoa

protistology

Name for branch of parasites

parisitology

What are the 5 characteristics of life?

1) All living organisms consist of cells

2) Grow and maintain their structure by taking up chemicals and energy from the enviornment

3) respond to external enviornmental stimuli

4) reproduce and pass on their genes to their off spring

5)evolve and adapt to their enviornment

What are the three domains of life?

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

taxinomic classification: highest and broadest rank

domain/ eukarya (eukarya= organisms with complex cells. Contains nucleus, organelles, cell division)

taxinomic classification: major subdivision

kingdom/ animalia (multicellular, eukaryotic w lack of cell wall, motile, heterotrophic, reproduction blastula)

taxinomic classification: groups sharing a fundamental body plan or structural feature

phylum/ chordata (notochord, nerve cord)

taxinomic classification: grouping organisms with more specific traits

class/ mammalia (mammal)

taxinomic classification: groups sharing familiar traits and behaviors

order/ carnivoria (placental mammals)

taxinomic classification: close related genera

family/ canidae (dogs and wolfs)

taxinomic classification: group of highly related genera

genus/ vulpes

taxinomic classification: most specific baserank

species/ vulpes vulpes

How does bacteria benefit humans?

They help DECOMPOSE (everyday waste like food and plastic, toxic chemicals, oil spills, radioactive material, sewage and polluted environments)

They help FOOD (aquatic food web, synthesize chemicals we need but cant make ourselves like K and B12, produce various food products through fermentation)

They help with MEDICAL (produce antibiotics, recombinant DNA technology, metabolism research)

They help with HEALTH AND SAFETY (detect landmines, normal flora and probiotics)

Who created Cell theory and how

Robert Hooke, 1655, crude microscope which he observed plants animals and fungi and saw boxes he called “cells”

Who created the first microscope powerful enough to see microbes

Antoni Van Leeuenhock “wee animalcules”

What is Spontaneous generation theory and how was it debunked?

Spontaneous generation theory was the belief that living things arise from nonliving things spontaneously. They thought a vital force caused it. Franceso Redi put stuff in glass jards with different lids on it to see if microbes got in. Louis pasteur used the swan neck flask to completely debunk.

What is germ theory?

Diseases were thought ot be caused by curses, back luck, and bad behavior. Theory was that diseases were spread by bad air.

What is Koch postalates?

He showed the relationship between microbes and diseases.

1) the suspected causative agent must be absent from all healthy oragisms from present in all infectious organisms

2) causatibe agent much be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture (some don’t have this step)

3) thhe cultured agent much cause the disease when inoculted into a healthy susceptable organism

4)the same causative agent must be then reisolated from inoculated diseased organism

What are some excpetions to Koch postulates?

1) some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture on artifical medium (teponema pallidum, mycobacterium leprae, fastidous organisms)

2) exclusive human diseases that are fatal (small pox, HIV)

What was the golden age of microbiology?

1857-1914.

-Louis Pasteur : fermentation, disprove spontaneous generate, pasteurization

-Joseph Lister: Aseptic surgery, microbes cause surgical wound infections

-Robert Koch: specific microbes cause specific diseases, pure culture, mycobacterium tuberculosis

-Ehrlich: syphilis treatment, theory of immunity

-Metchnikoff: phagocytosis

-Rous: tumor causing virus

What does Bacilli, Cocci, and Spirals morphology mean

Bacilli- sausages

Cocci- round

Spirals- spiral

What arrangements does staphylo,strepto, diplo, tetrad, sarcina mean

Staphylo- clusters (only cocci)

strepty- chain

diplo- pairs

tetrad- four (only cocci)

sarcina- eight

spirals= no arrangement

What is the smallest unit of matter and what does it consist of?

Atom

-contains nucleus with positively charged neutrons and protons

-negatively charged electrons around nucleus

A nuetron will always contain the same number of ____ and _____

Protons and electrons

If and atoms gains OR loses electrons it becomes a ____

Ion

What kind of bond happens when two atoms share an electron?

Covalent bond (strongest)

What kind of bond is formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions?

Ionic bond

What is an intermolecular bond?

force of attraction between two molecules

What are hydrogen bonds?

attractive forces where hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like O or N which is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom.

What molecules are small, commonly have ionic bonding and generally lack carbons?( includes amino acids, glucose, and ethanol)

Inorganic molecules

What kind of molecules are larger, typically have carbon and hydrogen and are commonly covalent? (water, acids, bases, salts)

Organic molecule

what is this reaction?

A + B →AB

synthesis

what is this reaction?

AB→ A+ B

decomposition

What is the following reaction

AB + CD → AC+BD

exchange

What are the 4 groups of biological molecules?

Lipids

Protiens

Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids

What is the main difference between a monomer and a polymer?

monomer: basic unit of of macromolecule

polymer: large biomolecule made of monomers

What is an example of a monomer AND a polymer?

Monomer: glucose, amino acids

Polymer: starch, protiens

What is dehydration synthesis?

adding monomers together into a polymer by removing H2O

What is hydrolysis

breaking up polymers by adding water

what is the role of protiens in a cell?

carrier molecules, cell wall, cell membrane, hormones, antibodies, enzymes

how much protien can you find in a cell?

50% of cells dry weight

What are basic building blocks of protiens?

Amino acids

What are the levels of protein structure and what bonds are formed?

Primary- peptide (covalent) bonds

Secondary- hydrogen bonds

tertiary- many kinds

quaterniary- many kinds

What does it mean to denature a protien

Cause it to unfold and lose 3d shape

Difference between simple and conjugated protiens?

Simple- contain only amino acids

Conjugate- contain amino acids and another component

What 3 molecules do Carbs always consist of?

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Whats the ratio of H to O in carbohydrates

2:1

What are functions of Carbs in the cell?

-fuel for cell

-food reserve

-cell wall component

-part of DNA and RNA

What is the difference between monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and disaccharides

Monosaccharides= simple sugars (fructose, glucose)

Disaccharides= 2 monosaccharides (glucose+fructose= sucrose_

Polysaccharides= chain of monosaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

How do lipids differ from carbohydrates?

2:1 ratio in carbs is not found in lipids

What are the functions of lipids in the cell?

Long term energy storage, phospholipids

What is the composition of a simple lipid (triglyceride)?

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids (saturated or unsatturated)

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid vs unsaturated fatty acid?

saturated- contains carbons and single bond in between them, solid at room temp(butter)

unsaturated- contains carbons and some double bonds, liquid at room temp(oil)

what is the composition of a phospholipid and what is its function in the cell?

1 glycerol

2 fatty acids

1 phosphate group

functions as main structural component of cell

what does DNA and RNA stand for?

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA- ribonucleic acid

what are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids?

nucleotides. consist of phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

what nitrogenous bases are found in DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

How do nitrogenous bases tend to pair up?

Adenine & thymine
Guanine & cytosine

How does DNA orient itself in the cell?

as a double helix bonded together by hydrogen bonds

What is the function of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the cell?

it is the energy carrier molecule
ATP stores the energy needed for many cell processes

What are the problems we run into when studying microbes?

What are the problems we run into when studying microbes?

1. microbes are very small, need a microscope
2. most microbes cannot be cultured (around 1% can be)

Name the basic steps to studying bacteria in a culture.

1. grow bacteria
2. isolate bacteria in a pure culture
2. grow bacteria in a pure culture
4. observe bacteria (microscopy, biochemical testing)
5. identify and characterize bacteria

Name 5 different types of microscopes

Light microscope
Confocal microscope
Phase contrast microscope
Fluorescent microscope
Electron microscope

What is resolving power?

a measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points

What are bacterial stains?

salt molecules with a positive or negative ion

What is a chromophore?

the colored ion in a dye/stain

What charge does an acidic dye possess?

Negative

What charge does a basic dye possess

positive

Since bacterial cells have a negative charge due to their phosphate group, we want to stain them with _________ dyes and the background with ________ dyes.

1. Basic (positive)
2. Acidic (negative)
opposite charges attract

What is a mordant?

chemicals that adhere to tissues to facilitate the binding of the dye, intensify the stain

A simple stain is used to show....

morphology and arrangement of bacteria

A differential stain is used to show...

gram positive or gram negative bacteria