Pocket Prep VTNE (All Questions)

During which phase of nociception does the brain interact with the nerves to modulate or alter the pain experience?

Modulation

Transmission

Perception

Transduction

Modulation

For what purpose may capnography be used during veterinary surgical procedures?

Measuring cardiac function

Monitoring thermoregulation

Monitoring ventilation

Monitoring neurologic impulses

Monitoring ventilation

If an emergency patient is experiencing acute sinus bradycardia, which of the following is the most likely potential cause?

Drug intoxication

Internal bleeding

Gastrointestinal perforation

Vehicular trauma

Drug intoxication

What causes the presence of red urine?

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

All of these cause red urine

Pure (frank) blood

All of these cause red urine

Where is the parietal pleura found?

Covering the lungs

Lining the abdominal cavity

Covering the heart

Lining the thoracic cavity

Lining the thoracic cavity

Which of the following is measured by a dosimeter?

Steps taken

Radiation exposure

Temperature

Blood glucose

Radiation exposure

Butorphanol does not have which of the following properties?

Antiemetic

Antitussive

Sedative

Analgesic

Antiemetic

Which type of teeth are used for tearing food in carnivore species?

Premolars

Molars

Canines

Incisors

Canines

All of the following diagnostic procedures are used to evaluate a horse's upper airway except for which one?

Dynamic endoscopy

Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology

Laryngeal ultrasonography

Computed tomography

Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology

In the dispensing of veterinary medications, what does the abbreviation "b.i.d." mean?

Give three times daily (or every 8 hours)

Give the medication by mouth

Give once daily (or every 24 hours)

Give twice daily (or every 12 hours)

Give twice daily (or every 12 hours)

Which jaw tone description indicates adequate surgical plane of anesthesia?

Loose and relaxed during manipulation

Tight and tense during manipulation

Loose, but tenses with opening

Tight, but relaxes with opening

Loose and relaxed during manipulation

When measuring central venous pressure, the tip of the central venous catheter must rest where?

Pulmonary artery

Cranial intrathoracic vena cava

Cephalic vein

Jugular vein

Cranial intrathoracic vena cava

A centrifuge is used in a laboratory for which of the following purposes?

To hold samples that are being heated at high temperatures

To separate elements found in blood samples

For heating, combustion, or sterilization

To measure a specific volume of liquid

To separate elements found in blood samples

The pinna is what area of the body?

Lower lip

Bottom eyelid

Top eyelid

Outer ear

Outer ear

What is the term used to describe red blood cells of varying sizes?

Thrombolysis

Erythrocytosis

Hemolysis

Anisocytosis

Anisocytosis

When a horse's upper airway is obstructed, a temporary tracheostomy is often required. Which of the following identifies the most common and desirable location for a tracheostomy?

Along the dorsal midline between the cranial and middle thirds of the neck

Along the ventral midline between the cranial and middle thirds of the neck

Along the ventral midline between the middle and caudal thirds of the neck

Along the dorsal midline between the middle and caudal thirds of the neck

Along the ventral midline between the cranial and middle thirds of the neck

Nuclear scintigraphy is an imaging technique in which radioisotopes are administered to a patient and images formed by a gamma camera. Which of the following does not describe a nuclear scintigraphy procedure?

Administering rectal technetium to a puppy suspected of having a portosystemic shunt

Evaluating a dog with a thyroid tumor for metastasis

Administration of I-131 to a hyperthyroid cat

Checking for radioisotope concentration in a horse's leg with undiagnosed lameness

Administration of I-131 to a hyperthyroid cat

Opisthotonus is most commonly seen in which type of trauma?

Thoracic trauma after a collision with a vehicle

Piercing trauma into the abdominal cavity from a dog fight

A fall resulting in a spinal fracture to the central back

Blunt trauma to the head

Blunt trauma to the head

Cessation of respiration and cardiovascular failure occur during which stage of anesthesia?

Stage II

Stage IV

Stage I

Stage III

Stage IV

Mandibular brachygnathism is also known as which of the following?

Maxillomandibular asymmetry

Neutroclusion

Mandibular distoclusion

Mandibular mesioclusion

Mandibular distoclusion

What is the most common oral tumor in cats?

Fibrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Malignant melanoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

What is Etomidate and when would it be used?

Barbiturate

Short-acting, injectable hypnotic-sedative

Dissociative

Ultra-short acting injectable anesthetic

Short-acting, injectable hypnotic-sedative

While most of us recognize the utility and benefits of digital radiography, with technology comes artifacts that may make evaluating and interpreting an image more challenging. Which of the following digital artifacts occurs secondary to underexposure?

Linear background image striations

Ghost images

The disappearance of thin tissues or soft tissues around bone

Grainy appearance

Grainy appearance

Activated clotting time (ACT) is a coagulation test that can be performed in-house with a special collection tube containing which substance?

Diatomaceous earth

Citrate

Heparin

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Diatomaceous earth

Patent ductus arteriosus is the most common congenital heart defect observed in dogs. What is a patent ductus arteriosus?

Narrowing of the outflow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

Abnormal opening in the wall between the ventricles

Failed closure of a duct between the pulmonary artery and the aorta

Abnormal opening in the wall between the atria

Failed closure of a duct between the pulmonary artery and the aorta

You are checking in a patient for a routine physical exam. The owner doesn't note any concerns but you notice an erythematous spot. What does erythema mean?

Redness of the skin

Hair loss

Semicircular or circular scale accumulation on the skin's surface

Itchiness

Redness of the skin

What is hyperalgesia?

A pain response to a non-painful stimulus

Increased sensitivity to sound

Increased sensitivity to light

Increased sensitivity to pain

Increased sensitivity to pain

Which of the following statements regarding analgesic constant rate infusions (CRIs) is false?

CRIs can be used for pain control while in the hospital and continued after discharge

Dosing and administration can be easily adjusted based on patient needs

A loading dose may be necessary when starting the CRI to achieve steady-state blood levels

Common combinations use a mu agonist opioid with ketamine and lidocaine, such as MLK (morphine-lidocaine-ketamine)

CRIs can be used for pain control while in the hospital and continued after discharge

A veterinarian orders tramadol (50 mg tablets): 100 mg PO BID PRN pain, #20. How would you explain these instructions to a pet owner?

Give two tablets orally every 12 hours (twice daily) as needed for pain

Give one tablet every 12 hours (twice daily) by mouth as needed until gone

Give one tablet every 12 hours

This is a pain medication that should be given twice a day for five days

Give two tablets orally every 12 hours (twice daily) as needed for pain

Involuntary movements within the body, such as breathing, contraction of blood vessels, and dilation of the pupils, are controlled by what type of muscle?

Interstitium

Cardiac

Skeletal

Smooth

Smooth

A dog presents with a history of unspecified trauma three months prior, for which he was not evaluated by his primary care veterinarian. He seemed fine until he started having some mild respiratory changes at home the past few days. However, this morning, the owners noticed a "tucked up" abdominal appearance, and he showed no interest in his food. His respiratory rate was elevated for a few hours. He became acutely short of breath, so they brought him into your emergency room. On triage, you auscult decreased lung sounds and muffled heart sounds. He is provided oxygen by mask as you get the veterinarian ASAP to evaluate the dog. What do you suspect may be going on at this time?

Pneumonia

Diaphragmatic hernia

Pleural effusion

Pericardial effusion

Diaphragmatic hernia

When preparing a coagulation test, it is critical that the correct ratio of blood to anticoagulant is used, or the test will provide erroneous results. What ratio and what anticoagulant is used for coag tests?

9:1 ratio of blood to EDTA

9:1 ratio of blood to trisodium citrate

1:9 ratio of blood to trisodium citrate

1:9 ratio of blood to EDTA

9:1 ratio of blood to trisodium citrate

A 24-ounce bird needs a 4 mg/kg dose of propofol. The propofol comes in 20 mL vials and has a 10 mg/mL concentration. What is the weight of the bird in kilograms?

1.5 kg

0.96 kg

0.68 kg

2.7 kg

0.68 kg

Which of the following diseases causes inflammatory pain?

Calcium oxalate urolithiasis

Gastroenteritis

Bite wound abscess

Hepatomegaly from metastatic disease

Bite wound abscess

With Cushing's disease, which of the following substances will be elevated in the blood?

Thyroxine

Glucose

Cortisol

Luteinizing hormone

Cortisol

Tissue samples can be prepared and sent to the laboratory for histopathology after surgery or necropsy via all the following except:

Placed in formalin

Frozen

Refrigerated

Placed on ice

Frozen

All of the following are abnormalities a veterinary technician should report to the veterinarian before beginning any anesthetic procedure except:

Abnormal pupil size

Cachexia

Hunger

Irregular pulse

Hunger

Captive land tortoises should be fed a high percentage of which of the following?

Guppies

Slugs

Mice

Dark leafy greens

Dark leafy greens

Which of the following is not contagious to humans?

Sarcoptic mange

Cryptosporidiosis

Demodicosis

Leptospirosis

Demodicosis

Upon anesthetic recovery, patients may progress back through the various stages and planes of anesthesia. You are responsible for ensuring that the patient remains safe until fully recovered.

All the following may occur as a patient comes out of anesthesia, through stage II, except:

Vocalization

Paddling

Hypoventilation

Head thrashing

Hypoventilation

You have a five-year-old FS Dachsund presenting with proprioceptive deficits. When talking with the owner, you discuss signs of these deficits and how to interpret if the pet is in pain. What statement would be correct for you to inform your client?

Even though your dog cannot move the back leg, she is likely in pain

Even if the dog has lameness in addition to the walking or standing changes, she is not likely in pain

Even though your dog cannot use the back leg properly, she is not likely in pain

Dragging a limb, wobbliness, or crossing a limb over another while standing, doesn't mean your dog is in pain

Even though your dog cannot move the back leg, she is likely in pain

What is the most common approach to the abdominal cavity when a horse is undergoing gastrointestinal tract surgery?

A dorsal vulvar labia incision with the horse in a sedated, standing position

A vaginal wall incision with the horse in a sedated, standing position

A flank incision with the horse in a sedated, standing position

A ventral midline incision with the horse anesthetized in dorsal recumbency

A ventral midline incision with the horse anesthetized in dorsal recumbency

Which of the following abbreviations stands for "as needed?"

p.r.n

b.i.d

n.p.o

q.h

p.r.n

A Doppler is a device used to indirectly measure what key indicator?

Breaths per minute

Tidal volume

Blood pressure

Urine output

Blood pressure

General anesthesia recovery can be both routine and prolonged. We want to ensure that the recovery is as smooth as possible, regardless of the species and the duration of the procedure. This helps prevent injury to staff and the animal. Many animals, instinctually, will try to stand well before they are truly ready to do so. This can lead to self-injury and should be prevented.

Especially important in larger species, such as horses, how can we help keep the animal from getting up too soon?

Gently hold the head down in a horizontal position

Gently hold the head up above the shoulders

Gently place a hand or knee on the lateral aspect of the neck

Gently rest your body on the animal near the shoulders

Gently hold the head down in a horizontal position

Which of the following ranges represents the normal rectal temperature of cats?

98.5 to 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (37 to 38 degrees Celsius)

95.8 to 99.8 degrees Fahrenheit (35.4 to 37.7 degrees Celsius)

102.5 to 104.0 degrees Fahrenheit (39.1 to 40 degrees Celsius)

100.0 to 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 to 39.2 degrees Celsius)

100.0 to 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 to 39.2 degrees Celsius)

When we think of performing general anesthesia on an equine patient, we often consider drug protocols in phases. In what phase would the horse's mouth be rinsed out with water?

Induction phase

Sedation and premedication phase

Recovery phase

Maintenance phase

Sedation and premedication phase

The primary mechanism of general anesthesia affects the:

Immune system

Central nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Central nervous system

To minimize environmental hazards from anesthetic equipment, technicians must be vigilant. You want to always remember to do all of the following except:

Always ensure the scavenging hose is attached

Empty the reservoir bag into room air once the procedure has finished

Check cuffed endotracheal tubes for leaks and damage ahead of time

Wear an appropriate respirator and gloves when filling vaporizers and changing CO2 absorbers

Empty the reservoir bag into room air once the procedure has finished

If a patient has been admitted to the emergency service for ataxia, what is the chief complaint given by the pet owner?

The patient appears to be unable to see nearby objects

The patient is not eating

The patient is having trouble breathing

The patient appears off balance when walking

The patient appears off balance when walking

When administering an epaxial injection in a dog, at what angle should the needle be directed into the muscle?

95-degree angle

150-degree angle

45- to 90-degree angle

65- to 135-degree angle

45- to 90-degree angle

A patient's orders are to receive a fentanyl CRI at 5 mcg/kg/hr. Fentanyl comes in a 50 mcg/mL vial. The patient weighs 40 kg. The fentanyl will be administered via syringe pump and piggy-backed on crystalloid fluids.

What volume of fentanyl should be drawn into the syringe to provide the patient with a 6-hour supply?

24 mL

6 mL

12 mL

4 mL

24 mL

How many days should a bacterial culture plate be held before reporting a "no growth" result?

7 days

4 days

3 days

10 days

3 days

Which of the following devices is an example of an intermittent monitoring device?

Electrocardiography

Capnography

Pulse oximetry

Esophageal stethoscope

Esophageal stethoscope

Which of the following scenarios does not typically present with neuropathic pain?

Central sensitization (wind-up)

Hypersensitivity from a brain injury

Acute cruciate ligament rupture

Brachial plexus avulsion

Acute cruciate ligament rupture

A 10-kg dog ingested three ounces of baking chocolate. Your reference book states baking chocolate contains 400 mg of methylxanthine per ounce, and that mild clinical signs of toxicity begin at 20 mg/kg of methylxanthine ingested. Severe clinical signs begin at 60 mg/kg of methylxanthine ingested. How serious is this for the dog?

No concern

High risk for severe clinical signs

Borderline risk for mild clinical signs

Mild clinical signs likely, but no risk for severe clinical signs

High risk for severe clinical signs

You are seeing an indoor-only cat with a chief complaint by the owner of eye discharge and slightly decreased appetite with occasional sneezing. You ask the owner several questions about when this started and any other relevant factors. Which of the following questions would be unlikely to help you determine the underlying cause?

Is the cat spayed or neutered?

Have they introduced any new pets into the home?

Has the cat ever had these symptoms before?

Have there been any recent changes, such as construction, owners going away, or other stress or changes to the routine?

Is the cat spayed or neutered?

You are asked to open an extra instrument during surgery, and it is wrapped in a paper pouch. While opening it, you must ensure all of the following, except:

Drop items onto the sterile field or have the surgeon grasp them with a gloved hand or another sterile instrument

The pouch opening faces toward you

Peel the edges back slowly and symmetrically

The item doesn't touch the peeled edges of the pouch

The pouch opening faces toward you

A dog has been prescribed Apoquel at 1/2 of a 16 mg tablet twice daily for up to 2 weeks, then once daily thereafter, as needed for itching.

How many tablets should you dispense for a 28-day supply, assuming the owner administers the medication correctly at the maximum frequency?

7

14

21

28

21

Which monitoring parameter best assesses ventilation?

Pulse strength

Capnography

Blood pressure

Pulse oximetry

Capnography

High levels of glucose in urine can indicate which disease process?

Hypoadrenocorticism

Lymphoma

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes mellitus

Which culture media would you use to determine if a bacterial organism has the ability to utilize glucose, sucrose, and lactose?

Triple sugar iron agar slant

Christensen's urea agar slant

Motility media

Indole test media

Triple sugar iron agar slant

What is a Hohmann retractor?

A self-retaining retractor with blunt, raked tips that ratchet to hold tissue apart

A handheld retractor used to lever tissue away from bone during surgery

A self-retaining retractor with a single-pointed tip that ratchets to hold muscle apart

A handheld, double-handed retractor for skin, muscle, or fat

A handheld retractor used to lever tissue away from bone during surgery

When using hydrotherapy as a rehabilitation intervention, maximum strengthening occurs when the water is at what level?

The tarsus

The neck

The shoulder

The stifle

The stifle

You are prepping a cow for a rumenotomy. What area will you need to clip and aseptically prep?

Left paralumbar region

Right paralumbar fossa region

Ventral midline from xiphoid to the pubis

Left flank

Left flank

Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of gingival tissue in which the free margin moves coronally?

Dental caries

Periodontitis

Gingival hyperplasia

Gingival recession

Gingival hyperplasia

What is the appropriate endotracheal tube size range for sheep and goats?

7 to 12 mm tube

6 to 14 mm tube

9 to 18 mm tube

9 to 16 mm tube

7 to 12 mm tube

Escherichia coli is a normal commensal in mammals in which location?

Gastrointestinal tract

Skin/fur surfaces

Ear canal

Lungs

Gastrointestinal tract

Which of the following is the fluid obtained when whole blood clots?

Serum

Bile

Plasma

Colostrum

Serum

Which of the following is not a typical clinical sign of a maxillary carnassial root abscess in dogs?

Firm swelling below the eye

Droopy tongue

A bleb or blister on the gingiva overlying the apical root region

Ocular discharge

Droopy tongue

You are admitting a patient for a day case. The cat is a 13-year-old DSH here for a blood glucose curve. You obtain the patient's medications and dosing frequency and ask the owner if there are any changes in eating, drinking, and urination. The owner reports that she is on subcutaneous fluids (SQF) at home for chronic kidney disease, glargine insulin 3 units q 12 hours, and liquid gabapentin q 8 to 12 hours for pain. The owner requests a refill of the SQF and tells you that she got the wrong one last time. She called and was told it was safe to use, but it seemed to sting. She told you she got plasma-something last time but wants the one she had the time before that.

What are fluid solutions commonly sent home or used in hospitals for SQF administration?

5% dextrose in water or lactated Ringer's (LR)

0.45% NaCl or lactated Ringer's (LR)

Plasmolyte or lactated Ringer's (LR)

0.9% NaCl or lactated Ringer's (LR)

0.9% NaCl or lactated Ringer's (LR)

What is alopecia?

Severe redness and contact irritation

Scaling or flaking of the skin

Condition of multiple abrasions resulting from self-trauma

Partial or complete absence of hair

Partial or complete absence of hair

Which of the following is most commonly associated with atopy?

Weight gain

Lethargy

Excessive energy

Pruritus

Pruritus

To ensure the surgical suite stays clean and we ensure the safety of non-sterilizable substrates, we need to understand disinfection. What disinfection category kills most vegetative bacteria except Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Low-level disinfection

High-level disinfection

Disinfectants are insufficient to kill vegetative bacteria

Intermediate-level disinfection

Low-level disinfection

A canine patient with a humeral fracture presents to the emergency room for treatment. A continuous rate infusion (CRI) of morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine (MLK) was administered before and during surgery.

Which option would provide the best postoperative pain management for the next 24 hours?

Corticosteroids

Continued CRI of MLK

An epidural block of bupivacaine and morphine

Gabapentin

Continued CRI of MLK

Calves and lambs are susceptible to white muscle disease (nutritional myodegeneration) when born to dams that are fed diets deficient in which of the following?

Potassium

Selenium

Iron

Protein

Selenium

What species of concern would you want to ensure to use an acid-fast staining technique to properly identify organisms of concern? Why can normal staining not help to identify these organisms?

Mycobacterium species; the presence of mycolic acid

Escherichia coli; the presence of mycolic acid

Mycobacterium species; lack a cell wall

Nocardia species; Lack a cell wall

Mycobacterium species; the presence of mycolic acid

Which protein do urine reagent strips measure with the highest sensitivity?

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Globulin

Albumin

Albumin

The transport and shipping of specimens occurs daily in veterinary medicine. Which of the following should not be done when preparing and shipping a wide variety of samples to the appropriate laboratories for evaluation?

Place all samples into appropriately labeled, zip-locked bags, and place in a courier box or hand them directly to the courier

Ensure any commercial transport medium (i.e., culterettes) are sealed properly

Refrigerate or freeze all samples

Label specimens with the client's name, date, pet, sample type, test desired

Refrigerate or freeze all samples

What is a Weitlaner retractor?

A self-retaining retractor with blunt, raked tips that ratchet to hold tissue apart

A handheld retractor used to lever tissue away from bone during surgery

A locking device with curved, pointed tips used to secure drapes to a patient's skin or hold tissue in place

A self-retaining retractor with single-pointed tips that ratchet to hold tissue apart

A self-retaining retractor with blunt, raked tips that ratchet to hold tissue apart

You have a horse brought in for decreased appetite and weakness. The handler feels that the horse has been drinking a lot, close to 100 L/day. The ambient temperature outside has been relatively cool at 50▫F (10▫C).

What is the average water intake requirement for equine species per day? Is this horse drinking excessively?

Less than 20 L/day; cannot determine

100 L/day; no

25 L/day; yes

45-75 L/day; yes

25 L/day; yes

A 20-kg patient received 3 mL of hydromorphone. The stock vial label indicates the concentration is 2 mg/mL. There is concern that this was an overdose, so you are asked to calculate what dosage this patient received.

Which of the following doses administered is correct?

0.3 mg/kg

3 mg/kg

2 mg/kg

0.1 mg/kg

0.3 mg/kg

When preparing a blood smear, which of the following represents the best angle to use the spreader slide?

25 to 50 degrees

90 to 125 degrees

45 to 90 degrees

30 to 45 degrees

30 to 45 degrees

When assessing an anesthetized patient, what is an indicator of perfusion?

Capnography

Pulse oximetry

Respiratory rate

Mucous membrane color

Mucous membrane color

Which positive contrast medium is preferred when performing an esophagram on a dog for evaluation of dysphagia?

Barium liquid by syringe

Barium paste

Iodinated solutions

Barium liquid mixed with food

Barium liquid mixed with food

What dietary supplement is often administered to promote joint health?

Potassium

Taurine

Lysine

Glucosamine

Glucosamine

Which of the following terms describes a unit of x-ray energy?

Photon

Nuclide

Nucleotide

Isotope

Photon

A 1250 pound horse needs xylazine for sedation at 0.75 mg/kg. It is available in 100 mg/ml vials. What volume of medication should the horse receive?

4.26 mL

9.4 mL

12.5 mL

5.68 mL

4.26 mL

A 37-lb dog is being prescribed carprofen at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg PO q12h. The owner has medication left from other dogs and would like to use them first. She has tablets available in 25, 75, and 100 mg sizes. They are formulated as chewable squares that are scored into quarters. Which of the following dosing options would not meet the patient's needs?

Split the 100 mg into thirds and give one fragment per dose

Administer 1/2 of a 75 mg tablet per dose

Administer 1/4 of a 100 mg and 1/2 of a 25 mg per dose

Administer 1.5 of the 25 mg tablets per dose

Split the 100 mg into thirds and give one fragment per dose

Regarding fluid therapy, what is an isotonic solution?

A plasma expander

A fluid with the same osmolality as blood

A fluid with a lower osmolality than blood

A fluid with a higher osmolality than blood

A fluid with the same osmolality as blood

What factor makes mask inductions impractical?

Financially prohibitive

Equipment is not readily available

Able to be used with only one type of inhalant

Struggling patients

Struggling patients

Collapsing trachea is treated using what interventions?

Surgery

All of the listed interventions may be used

Oxygen therapy

Medical management

All of the listed interventions may be used

You evaluate a 2-year-old warmblood who fractured his distal leg. He is flailing about and won't let anyone except the rider get close to him. He needs emergency fracture stabilization. What is the primary goal of fracture stabilization in the initial stages?

Wound infection control

Prevent trauma to muscle and skin near the fracture site

Emergency stabilization and hemorrhage control

Neurovascular trauma prevention

Emergency stabilization and hemorrhage control

What type of receptor is a nociceptor?

Pain receptor

Histamine receptor

Photoreceptor

Ionotropic receptor

Pain receptor

Which of the following identifies a primary benefit of local anesthetic drugs in pain management?

Injectable nerve blocks can be easily re-dosed for long term pain management

They can reduce the dosing needs of other medications, helping to limit adverse effects

They treat severe pain and have sedative side effects

They reduce pain and improve joint health

They can reduce the dosing needs of other medications, helping to limit adverse effects

Which of the following describes the minimum standard for autoclave sterilization?

250▫F for 20 minutes

250▫C for 15 minutes

121▫F for 20 minutes

121▫C for 15 minutes

250▫F for 20 minutes

When reviewing urinalyses you may find a variety of different types of casts. Casts can be seen both in disease states as well as in normal urine.

Which type of cast is considered normal?

Fatty

Granular

Waxy

Cellular

Granular

Owners need to be aware of when various species will be active and when they should be sleeping. Thus, you should know the expected behavior habits of the species you work with regularly. Rabbits are crepuscular.

What does this mean?

Most active at night

Most active at dusk and dawn

Active during both daylight and nighttime

Most active during the day

Most active at dusk and dawn

Which of the following age ranges is considered the normal eruption of permanent canine teeth in dogs?

28-32 weeks

20-24 weeks

12-16 weeks

4-8 weeks

12-16 weeks

How many planes are there in stage 3 of anesthesia?

1

2

3

5

3