pharma 1

Pharmacology

• study of how a drug works on the body

• study of the biological effects of chemicals

Drugs

• agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of disease in man or in animal

• Are chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

Drug Therapy or Pharmacotherapy

general term use for using medication to treat disease.

Primary Sources

articles, journals and unpublished works

Secondary Sources

index and abstract system

Tertiary sources

books, eBooks, drugs list

Prescription drugs

Needs doctor’s prescription and specific only to one person.

Nonprescription drugs

Over the counter drugs that may be sold without a prescription

Chemical Name

Drug’s chemical composition & molecular structure

Generic name

• group of meds that have similar action

• active ingredient name

Brand name

From pharmaceutical company that markets the medicine

PHARMACODYNAMICS

interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals

Receptor theory of drug action

use of application of receptor to explain drug behavior

Agonist

Activate the receptor to signal as a direct result of binding to it

Antagonist

Bind to receptors but do not activate generation of signal

Drug-drug interaction

simultaneous intake of two different drugs, one drug may displace another for Its binding site

Drug-diet interaction

drugs or foods which may affect the absorption in the body

Dose response relationship

pharmacological effect of a drug depend on its concentration at the site of action

Graded dose response

as the concentration of the drug increases, the pharmacological effect also increases

Therapeutic index

ratio of blood concentration at which the drug is effective

Potency

amount of drug needed to produce the desired effects

Efficacy

maximum effect of the drug

Therapeutic window

range of concentration of the drug to produce the desired effect

PHARMACOKINETICS

study of how medications travel through the body

Critical Concentration

amount of drug needed to cause a therapeutic response

Absorption

The way the drug enters the body and passes into the circulation to reach the part of the body it needs to affect

Distribution

movement of a drug in the body toward its site of action

Metabolism

where the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) happens

Excretion

Any drug that is metabolized by the system to be excreted in the body

Serum Drug Levels

to understand the addicting effects and adverse effect of the drugs

Serum Half-life

The time it takes the body to remove 50% of the drug from the body.

Therapeutics

• clinical pharmacology

• study of the drugs effect and response to the body

Toxicology

branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

Pharmacogenetics

influence of heredity on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response of the drug

Pharmacoeconomics

study of the drug’s cost effectiveness

Therapeutic Action

intended action of a drug given in an appropriate medical setting.

Therapeutic Threshold

minimum amount of a drug that is required to cause the desired response

Therapeutic Index

• difference between the therapeutic threshold and the amount of the drug considered to be toxic.

• Safe and Effective range

Tolerance

decreased sensitivity or response to a drug that occurs after repeated doses.

Cross Tolerance

develops tolerance to one substance thereby influencing another

Untoward Effect or Adverse Effect

side effect of a drug that is harmful to the patient

Palliative

relieve symptoms but not affecting the disease

Curative

treatment of the disease

Supportive

sustain function until other drugs effectivity

Substitutive

replace body fluids

Restorative

maintain and return the body into a normal state

Dose-related factors

from primary and secondary reactions

Sensitivity related

hypersensitivity or allergic reaction

Iatrogenic

mimicking a pathological reaction

Toxicity

exceeding to therapeutic range reaction

Idiosyncrasy

unexpected reactions

Miscellaneous

nephrotoxicity, hepatic toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, photosensitivity and disease-related effects

Alcohol

• CNS depressant

causes euphoria and alter perceptions

Opioids

may be use as pain killers by mimicking the effects of neurotransmitters into the brain

Benzodiazepines

• Interacts with GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid-A)

• usually use for treatment of psychiatric patients

Cannabinoids

active agents in marijuana which is known to give high feeling and hallucinations when abused

Barbiturates

• slows down the function of CNS

• For treatment of sleep and psychiatric disorders.

Hallucinogens

may alter reality and perception