Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
What is the Garbage Can Model?
A decision-making model where problems, solutions, participants, and choices flow independently, connecting haphazardly. Decisions occur when these elements randomly align.
Example of the Garbage Can Model?
Education reform: School vouchers adopted due to political will, funding, and public demand rather than a perfect fit.
What is the Multiple Streams Model?
John Kingdon's model where policy change happens when three streams—problems, policies, and politics—converge at a 'policy window.'
Example of the Multiple Streams Model?
Climate policy gaining traction after a natural disaster (problem), pre-existing proposals (policy), and public advocacy (politics) converge.
Define Bounded Rationality.
Policymakers operate under cognitive and informational limitations, leading them to simplify decisions.
What is Satisficing in decision-making?
Accepting a decision that is 'good enough' rather than optimal due to constraints.
Define Incrementalism.
Policymaking through small, gradual changes rather than major overhauls.
What is Punctuated Equilibrium in policymaking?
Policy change occurs in sudden, dramatic shifts after long periods of stability.
What is the Rational-Comprehensive Model?
Policymakers systematically evaluate all options and outcomes to select the optimal solution.
Define Welfare Policy.
Policies designed to improve citizens' well-being, particularly the vulnerable.
Example of Welfare Policy?
Food stamp programs addressing poverty.
What are Old-Age Pensions?
Government programs providing financial support to the elderly. Example: U.K.'s Basic State Pension.
Define Social Security.
Public insurance offering economic support for retirement, disability, and survivorship. Example: U.S. Social Security system.
What are Income Maintenance Programs?
Initiatives ensuring a basic income level for vulnerable populations. Example: Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in the U.S.
What is the Residual Model of welfare?
Welfare as minimal and temporary, provided only when family and market solutions fail.
Define the Institutional Model of welfare.
Welfare as a universal right, integrated into social and economic systems. Example: Nordic countries' parental leave policies.
What is the Institutional Redistributive Model?
Welfare designed to redistribute resources for equity and social justice. Example: Finland's universal health care.
What is the Bismarckian Model?
Employment-based social insurance funded by employer and employee contributions. Example: Germany's health insurance system.
What is the Beveridgean Model?
Universal welfare funded through taxation, based on need. Example: The UK's National Health Service (NHS).
Define Decommodification
The ability to maintain a livelihood independent of market participation. Example: Sweden's generous parental leave policies.
Define Liberal Welfare Regime
Emphasizes market solutions, minimal state intervention, and means-tested assistance. Example: U.S. welfare system.
Define Conservative Welfare Regime
Maintains traditional social structures, often tied to employment and family. Example: Germany's family-centric welfare policies.
What are Social Democratic Welfare Regimes?
Emphasize universalism, equality, and extensive state intervention. Example: Denmark's universal health care.
Define Liberal Arts Curriculum
An educational framework emphasizing broad knowledge and critical thinking over specialization.
What is Vocational Education?
Education preparing students for trades or careers with practical skills. Example: Germany's dual education system.
Define Centralized Education System
Decisions about curriculum, funding, and policies are made at the national level. Example: France.
Define Decentralized Education System
Local or regional authorities control education policy. Example: The U.S.
Define Command-and-Control Policies
Environmental policies that set regulations and penalties for non-compliance. Example: Clean Air Act emission limits.
What are Voluntary Agreements in environmental policy?
Non-mandatory arrangements to achieve environmental goals. Example: Agreements with automakers on fuel efficiency.
Define Economic Incentives in environmental policy
Financial mechanisms, such as taxes or subsidies, encourage environmentally friendly behavior. Example: Carbon pricing.
Define the SCTP Framework
Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) focusing on shared beliefs among coalitions within a policy subsystem.
Define Iron Triangles
Stable, mutually beneficial relationships between bureaucracies, legislators, and interest groups. Example: U.S. defense spending.
What is the Compensation Hypothesis?
Globalization increases demand for social protection to offset economic uncertainties.
Define the Chauvinist Hypothesis
Welfare generosity is limited by ethnic, racial, or cultural diversity.
What is Equality of Opportunity?
Ensuring individuals have the same starting conditions, regardless of background. Example: Affirmative action.
What is Universal Health Care?
Ensures all citizens access medical services, typically funded through taxation. Example: Canada's single-payer system.
Define Privatized Health Insurance
Coverage primarily through private insurance, often employer-sponsored. Example: U.S. health care system.
What is the National Health Service?
A publicly funded system providing comprehensive health care. Example: U.K.'s NHS.
