General Biology Q1

Levels

Which characteristics of life is responsible for giving hierarchy to organisms?

Centriole

Which cell organelle is responsible for giving framework during cell division?

Pseudopods

Which cell modification is responsible for giving the amoebas the ability to eat?

Cell plate

What structure is being formed during the cytokinesis of plant cells?

Peroxisome

This cell organelle contains hydrogen-peroxide.

2n = 46

In meiosis, what is the computation formula for combinations?

Cell wall

Which cell modification gives the extracellular matrix in plants?

Glycoproteins

Which cell modification gives the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

Gap junctions

Which cell modification is responsible for cell-to-cell communication?

Flagella

Which cell modification gives the sperm cells the ability to swim?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Which specialized cells is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body of animals?

Cilia

Which cell modification can be found at the primary bronchus? It sweeps or cleans mucus.

Synapsis

What do you call the process of forming homologous pairs?

Crossing over

What do you call the physical exchange of the non-sister chromatids?

Tumor suppressor genes

What do you call the genes that is responsible for slowing the cell cycle?

Germ cells

What do you call to the cells wherein the gametes are derived?

Muscle tissue

Which specialized tissue is responsible for movement?

Simple Columnar

Which epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption?

Xylem

Which specialized tissue is responsible for transporting water to the entire plant?

Parenchyma

Which specialized tissue is responsible for the storage of food?

Tight Junctions (1)

Which lateral modification is responsible for giving barrier along the cells?

Lysosome

Which cell organelle is the storage for hydrochloric acid?

Cilia or pili

Which cell modification gives the egg cells the ability to stick to the fallopian tube?

Golgi apparatus

This cell organelle has an analogy of a conveyor belt.

Bones

Which connective tissue is responsible for giving framework to animals?

Smooth ER

Which cell organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis?

Homeostasis

This characteristic of life is responsible for the regulation of the internal environment.

Random fertilization

What do you call to the genetic variation wherein there is a random combination of sperm and egg cells during fertilzation?

Lysosome (1)

Which cell organelle is responsible for recycling waste materials in the cell?

Cancer cells

This is the result of the malfunction risk in the cell cycle.

Organization, levels, reproduction, movement, adaptability, growth development, homeostasis, metabolism

These are the 8 characteristics of life (evidences that prove you are a living organism):

Matthias Schleiden

He suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells.

Theodor Schwan

He states that along with plants, animals are also composed of cells.

All cells came from pre-existing cells.

This is the third postulate "Omnis cellula e cellula".

The cell is the most basic unit of life.

This is the second postulate.

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

This is the first postulate.

Apical Modification

This cell modification is found on the apical surface of the cell. It is specialized to carry out functions that occur at these interfaces, including secretion, absorption, and movement of luminal contents.

Cilia

This is a type of apical modification wherein these are projections, usually short, hair-like structures and a type of organelle seen on the apical surface of epithelial cells. This assists in the movement of material over the epithelial surface in a manner parallel to the surface of the epithelium.

Villi

This is a type of apical modification that are finger-like projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some organs. They help to increase surface area, allowing faster and more efficient absorption.

Microvilli

This is a type of apical modification that are smaller projections than villi, which function primarily on molecules' efficient absorption.

Pseudopods

This is a type of apical modification that are used for motility and ingestion. Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells. It bulges outward to move the cell or engulf the prey. It primarily consists of actin filaments and may also contain microtubules and intermediate filaments.

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

This is a type of apical modification wherein this is a structural scaffold that directs cell adhesion and migration, as well as regulating cellular growth, metabolism and differentiation signals.

Basal modification

This type of cell modification is found on the basal surface of the cell basement membrane.

Desmosomes

This type of basal modification attaches to the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein.

Hemidesmosomes

This type of basal modification is similar to desmosomes in terms of function, however, they attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane rather than the adjacent cell.

Lateral Modification

This is a type of cell modification found on the side of the cell. These structures consist of protein complexes and induce connectivity between adjacent epithelial cells, between cells, and ECM. They can contribute to the barrier function of epithelia and control paracellular transport.

Tight Junctions

This is a type of lateral modification that has several different functions. Their most important functions are to help cells form a barrier that prevents molecules from getting through, and to stop proteins in the cell membrane from moving around. These are often found at epithelial cells, which are cells that line the surface of the body and line body cavities.

Adherens junctions

This type of lateral modification that has protein complexes that occur in cell-to-cell junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions. It fastens cells to one another.

Gap junctions

This is a type of lateral modification which function is to connect cells together so that molecules may pass from one cell to the other. This allows for cell-to-cell communication and makes it so that molecules can directly enter neighboring cells without having to go through the extracellular fluid surrounding the cells.

Nutrition

This is the process by which cells obtain food molecules to support their other activities.

Digestion

This is the process by which food particles are broken down into smaller soluble units suitable for cell use with the help of enzymes.

Absorption

This is the process by which cells absorb water, minerals and other materials essential to life from their environment.

Biosynthesis

This is the process by which all cells organize complex chemicals from simple building units or substances.

Excretion

This is the process by which by-products of all cell activities which are not needed for further cell functioning are eliminated.

Egestion

This is the process by which insoluble, non-digested particles are eliminated by the cell.

Secretion

This is the process by which substances that are synthesized by the cells are expelled from the membrane. This elimination process helps in the functioning of the body.

Movement

This is a process which includes the locomotion of cell by means of special structures like cilia or flagella.

Irritability

This is the process by which cells respond or react to external factors or conditions around them. Cells can alter their functions in response to changes their environment.

Respiration

This is the process of breaking down food molecules into chemical energy needed by all cells in order to function.

Reproduction

This is a process by which a cell copies or replicates its DNA and increases its number by cell division. It gives rise to new cells as a result, organisms grow.

Nucleus

This cell organelle is covered with a membrane that allows materials to pass in and out. It's often called the "control center" of the cell because it contains DNA.

Nucleolus

This is where the ribosomes are formed and this structure can be found both in plants and animals.

Cell membrane

This is a semi-permeable membrane that facilitate the movement of molecules inside and outside the plant or animal cell. It allows only chosen substances to enter or leave cell which can protect the cell from harmful substances.

Cytoplasm

This is a viscous fluid or jelly like material where organelles are embedded. Its jelly like feature secures the organelles in plants and animals so that they remain in place.

Mitochondria

These are called the "powerhouses" of cells. They produce much of the energy a plant or animal cell needs to carry out its functions. They are the centers of cellular respiration, a process in which energy-rich ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) that functions in energy storage and transfer is produced.

Vacuole

This is the storage area of the cell. It stores water, food, and waste. Animals have a very small ______ while plants as the producers through the process of photosynthesis have a big ____________.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

This is a series of tunnels throughout the cytoplasm. They transport proteins from one part of the cell to another that is why they are called as the transport center of the cell. _____ in plants and animals form a network of tiny canals through the cell. These canals are formed by two parallel membranes. They connect the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane thus serving as passageway for food substances.

Smooth ER

This is a type of ER that is ribosome free and functions in detoxification of lipids.

Rough ER

This is a type of ER that contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell.

Ribosomes

These are the protein factories of the cell. These are very essential since all the functions and processes in plant and animal cell requires protein. Even all the organelles inside the cell are made up of proteins making _____ very important.

Golgi apparatus/bodies

They receive proteins and other compounds from the ER. They package these materials and distribute them to the plant and animal parts of the cell.

Lysosomes

This contains hydrolytic enzymes that can break things down. It picks up bacteria, food, and old organelles in plant and animal cell and break them into small pieces that can be reused.

Cytoskeleton

This is a series of fibers made from proteins. It provides structure to the cell and gives it its shape.

Cell wall

This is a rigid organelle composed of cellulose that gives plant cell its box-like shape. It consists of several distinct layers.

Centrioles

These are paired organelles found only in animal cell. They are located together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other. They are essential in building cilia and flagella and also as spindle fiber during cell division.

Prokaryotic cell

This cell is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Epithelial tissue

This type of tissue is commonly seen outside the body as coverings or as linings of organs and cavities.

Muscle tissues (myocytes)

These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntarily or involuntarily. The movement of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve cells.

Blood

This is a type of connective tissue that is made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix); contains water, salts, and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for blood clotting.

Connective tissue proper

This is made up of loose connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments.

Adipose tissues

These are also examples of loose connective tissues that store fats, which function to insulate the body and store energy.

Cartilage

This is a type of connective tissue that is characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. This functions as a cushion between bones.

Bone

This mineralized connective tissue made of bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposit collagen.

Nervous tissue

These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body.

Plant tissues

The primary function of these tissues is to give structural support to the plant, as plants are stationary.

Meristematic tissue

This is a type of plant tissue that consists of actively dividing cells that lead to the increase in length and thickness of the plant. The primary growth of a plant occurs only in certain, specific regions, such as in the tips of stems or roots.

Apical meristem

This is a type of meristematic tissue that is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and increases the length of the stem and root. This meristem is responsible for the linear growth of an organ.

Lateral meristem

This meristem consist of cells, which mainly divide in one plane and cause the organ to increase in diameter and grows. This usually occurs beneath the bark.

Intercalary meristem

This meristem is located in between permanent tissues. They are responsible for growth in length of the plant and increasing the size of the internode. They result in branch formation and growth.

Permanent tissue

This is a type of plant tissue that contain nondividing cells that was derived from meristematic tissues.

Simple permanent tissue

This is a type of permanent tissues that is a group of cells which are similar in origin; similar in structure and similar in function. They are of three types; Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.

Parenchyma

This is a type of simple permanent tissue. In plants, it consists of relatively unspecialized living cells with thin cell walls. This tissue provides support to plants and also store food. (Food storage).

Collenchyma

This is a type of simple permanent tissue that is a cellular tissue that, along with parenchyma, composes the bulk of plant tissues. Like parenchyma, collenchyma cells are living cells. They have cellulose cell walls and are filled with water - which helps the plants to keep their shape. (Water storage)

Sclerenchyma

The main function of this type of simple permanent tissue is to provide mechanical support and strength to the plants. They provide structural support to the plant organs. They form protective coverings around nuts and seeds.

Complex permanent tissue

The complex tissue consists of more than one type of cells, which work together as a unit. Complex tissues help in the transportation of organic material, water and minerals up and down the plants. That is why it is also known as conducting and vascular tissue.

Xylem

This is a type of complex permanent tissue consists of a variety of specialized, water-conducting cells known as tracheary elements. A vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and provides physical support also.

Phloem

This is a type of complex permanent tissue that is composed of various specialized cells called sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibers, and phloem parenchyma cells. These are tissues in plants that conduct foods made in the leaves to all other parts of the plant.

Apical modification

This is a type of modification that is specialized to carry out functions that occur at these interfaces including secretion, absorption and movement of luminal contents.

Competitive inhibitors

This is an example of enzyme inhibitor that are chemicals that resemble an enzyme's normal substrate and compete with it for the active site.