chapter 17: Blood

Function of blood?

Transport, regulation, and protection

How is transport a function of blood?

Delivering oxygen to lungs and nutrients from DI tract to all body cells.

Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites.

Transporting hormones form the endocrine organs to their target cells.

What are regulatory functions of blood?

Maintain body temperature through absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss.

Maintain normal pH in body tissue. Blood proteins and other bloodborne solutes buffers blood pH to prevent excess or abrupt changes.

Maintain fluid volume in the circulatory system. Blood proteins prevent excessive fluid loss from the blood into the tissue spaces.

Protective functions of blood?

Prevent blood loss.

Prevent infections.

What is blood?

Specialized connective tissue that is a thick, homogenous liquid that has both cellular and liquid components.

What is living and nonliving in blood?

Living blood cells or formed elements and nonliving fluid matrix called plasma.

What does blood lack?

Collagen and elastic fibers of other connective tissues.

Amount of plasma in whole blood?

55 percent

Amount of Buffy coat in whole blood?

Less than one percent

What is the Buffy coat in whole blood made of?

Leukocytes and platelets

Amount of RBC in whole blood?

45 percent

What makes up formed elements?

Buffy coat, and RBCs

Only complete cell in formed elements?

Leukocytes.

RBCs have no nuclei or organelles and platelets are cell fragments.

Define hematocrit

Total volume of RBCs

Why is blood bright red and dark red?

Scarlet blood is oxygen rich while dark red is oxygen poor

What is the pH of blood?

Between 7.35 and 7.45

What’s the difference between females and male blood?

Females have lower RBCs than males

Increase in RBC?

More viscous and moves more slowly

how much does blood account for in body weight?

8 percent

What is the liters of blood average male and female have?

Males have 5-6L and females 4-5L

Importance of water in plasma

90 percent of volume.

Dissolving and suspending medium.

Absorbs heat.

Importance of electrolytes in plasma

Most abundant solutes by number.

Cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Anions include chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and bicarbonate.

Helps maintain plasma osmotic pressure and blood pH.

describe albumin in plasma

60 percent of plasma proteins.

Produced by liver.

Main contributor to osmotic pressure.

what is alpha and beta in plasma for?

Produced by liver.

Transport protein that bind to lipids , metal ions and fat soluble vitamins.

Gamma plasma proteins

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

Fibrinogen in plasma

4 percent.

Produced by liver.

forms fibrin threads of blood clots

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances in plasma

By product of cellular metabolism like urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonium salts

organic nutrients in plasma

Materials absorb from DI tract and transported to use throughout the body like glucose, amino acids, simple carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, and vitamins.

Respiratory gases in plasma

Oxygen bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs.

Carbon dioxide transported dissolved as bicarbonate ion or bound to hemoglobin in RBCs.

Hormones in plasma

Steroids and thyroid hormones carried by plasma proteins

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

3 structural characteristics that make RBCs ideal for transport gases

Size and shape. No point within cytoplasm is far from surface.

Discounting water content. 97 percent hemoglobin.

Lack mitochondria and ATP thus do not consume oxygen they carry.

Globin

Two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains that bind our heme groups to form a protein hemoglobin

Heme

Iron containing pigment in hemoglobin

Oxygen loading or oxyhemoglobin

Occurs in lungs.

Flows from lungs to tissue cells.

Deoxyhemoglobin

Oxygen detached form iron in body tissue.

Carbon dioxide loading or carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 combines with hemoglobin but binds to amino acids rather than heme group.

Occurs in tissues and moves to lungs to be eliminated.

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation

Hematopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast

Precursor for formed elements in red bone marrow

Myeloid stem cell

Hematopoietic stem cell descendent that transform into a proerythroblast

Stages of erythropoiesis

Hemocytoblast (stem cell), proerythoblast, basophilic, polychromatic, orothochromatic, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Tissue hypoxia

Oxygen deprivation

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes in red bone marrow

Produced heavily by kidneys and little by liver.

hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)

Accumulates to accelerate synthesis and release erythropoietin

What does hypoxia stimulate?

Decreased RBCs

Decrease hemoglobin

Decrease oxygen

Drop in blood oxygen triggers EPO formation from what ?

Reduced RBCs from bleeding or excessive RBC destruction

Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (iron deficiency)

Reduced availability of oxygen from high altitudes or pneumonia

what does testosterone do for EPO in males?

enhance kidney production of EPO

Raw materials for EPO

Nutrients like amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates

Two B-complex vitamins like B12 and folic acid

Iron.

Where is iron when not in hemoglobin ?

Stored in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Anemia

Blood oxygen carrying capacity is to low

How to increase iron intake from food?

Red meat, beans, and spinach.

Pernicious Anemia

Autoimmune disease in older adults. Immune system destroys cells in stomach mucosa.

B12 helps RBCs divide and not keep growing.

Renal anemia

Lack of EPO

Aplastic anemia

Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow by drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses.

Most cases are unknown.

Hemolytic anemia

RBCs rupture or lyse, prematurely.

Due to hemoglobin abnormalities, transfusion of mismatched blood and bacterial or parasitic infections.

Thalassemias

Occur in Mediterranean ancestry.

One of the globin chains is absent or faulty. RBCs are thin and deficient.

Monthly blood transfusions are common.

Sickle cell anemia

Caused by hemoglobin S (HbS) results from a change in one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain.

Beta chains stick together under low oxygen conditions forming stiff rods so hemoglobin S is spiky.

Polycythemia

Abnormal excess of RBCs.

Polycythemia Vera

Bone marrow cancer

Dizziness and high RBC up to 80 percent hematocrit.

Secondary polycythemia

Less oxygen is available or EPO production increases.

Due to high altitudes and pressure.

Diapedesis

White blood cells slip out of capillaries blood vessels.

Leuocytosis

White blood cell count over 11,000cells /ul.

Due to response to infection.

Granulocytes

Membrane bound cytoplasmic granules

Agranulocytes

Lack granules

what cells are granulocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

What cells are agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Neutrophils function

Phagocytize bacteria

Eosinophil function

Kill parasitic worms

Role in allergy and asthma

Basophils function

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation.

Contain heparin and anticoagulant

Lymphocytes function

Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

Monocyte function

Phagocytosis

Develop into macrophages in tissues

Thrombopoietin

Hormone that regulates the formation of platelets

Stages of platelets

Hemocytoblast, megakaryoblast 1, 2, 3, 4 and then platelets

Events of blood clot

Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Messengers that enhance vascular spams and platelet aggregation

Serotonin and thromboxane

potent aggregating agent that causes more platelet to stick and release?

Adenosine diphosphate

Von willebrand factor

Plasma protein that stabilizes bound platelets by forming a bridge between collagen and platelets.

Occurs when endothelium is damaged and connective tissue is exposed.

Fibrinolysis

Removes blood clot when healing has occurred

Plasmin (clot buster)

Fibrin digesting enzyme produced when plasma protein plasminogen is activated.

Heparin

Natural anticoagulant in basophils, mast cell granules and surface of endothelial cells that inhibits thrombin by enhancing antithrombin 111

Disseminated intramuscular coagulation (DIC)

Widespread clotting and severe bleeding.

Thrombus

Clot that persists in an unbroken vessel.

Embolus

Thrombus breaking away from vessel wall and floats freely in the blood.

Embolism

Thrombus obstruction in vessel

Thrombocytopenia

Platelet deficiency

Petechiae

Widespread hemorrhage with many small purplish spots

Impaired liver function can cause what?

Blood disorders as the liver cells requires vitamin K to produce certain clotting factors.

Antigens in AB blood type

A and B antigens

Antibodies in AB blood

None

Antigens in B blood

Anti B

Antibodies in B blood

Anti-A

Antigens in O blood

None

Antibodies in O blood

Anti-A and anti-B

Universal recipient

AB

Universal donor

O

RH - mother RH + baby

Healthy baby but mother may sensitize RH+ antigens

Mother will form RH - antibodies and needs to be treated with RhoGAM serum.

if untreated, mothers antibodies will cross over and destroy babies RBCs.

How to find blood type

If the antigen coagulates it is that blood type.

If no blood coagulates, it is type O.