MULT 1110 Ch 6 - Orthopedics

Orthopedics

Medical specialty that diagnoses and treats disorders, injuries, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system using medical, surgical, and physical methods.

Musculoskeletal system

Body system consisting of bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, tendons, and connective tissues that supports, protects, and allows movement.

Orthopedist

Physician specializing in treating disorders of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

Skeleton

Framework of the body made of bones that provides support, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

Ligaments

Strong connective tissues that connect bone to bone and stabilize joints.

Joint

Point where two bones meet to allow movement.

Tendons

Fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones and produce movement.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones that produces movement.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in internal organs.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart.

Arthr/o

Joint

Burs/o

Bursa

Carp/o

Wrist (carpus)

Chondr/o

Cartilage

Clavicul/o

Clavicle (collarbone)

Coccyg/o

Coccyx (tailbone)

Cost/o

Rib

Crani/o

Skull

Femor/o

Femur (thigh bone)

Fibul/o

Fibula

Humer/o

Humerus

Ili/o

Ilium

Ischi/o

Ischium

Mandibul/o

Mandible (lower jaw)

Maxill/o

Maxilla (upper jaw)

Menisc/o

Meniscus

Metacarp/o

Metacarpals (hand bones)

Metatars/o

Metatarsals (foot bones)

Muscul/o

Muscle

My/o

Muscle

Myel/o

Bone marrow or spinal cord

Oste/o

Bone

Patell/o

Patella (kneecap)

Phalang/o

Phalanges (fingers and toes)

Pub/o

Pubis

Radi/o

Radius or X-ray

Sacr/o

Sacrum

Scapul/o

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Spondyl/o

Vertebra

Stern/o

Sternum (breastbone)

Tars/o

Tarsus (ankle)

Ten/o

Tendon

Tendin/o

Tendon

Tibi/o

Tibia (shin bone)

Uln/o

Ulna

Vertebr/o

Vertebra

Ankyl/o

Stiff

Cutane/o

Skin

Dors/i

Back

Duct/o

Lead

Electr/o

Electricity

Extens/o

Stretch out or straighten

Fasci/o

Fascia

Fibr/o

Fibers

Flex/o

Bend

Kyph/o

Hump

Lord/o

Bent backward

Ortho/o

Straight

Path/o

Disease

Plant/o

Sole of foot

Scoli/o

Crooked

Vers/o

Turn

Fibrous joint

Bones joined by fibrous tissue; allows no movement; example is the skull.

Cartilaginous joint

Bones joined by cartilage; allows slight movement; example is the pelvis.

Synovial joint

Most common joint type; bones enclosed in a joint capsule with synovial fluid allowing the greatest range of movement.

Articular cartilage

Smooth cartilage covering bone ends that absorbs shock and prevents bone-on-bone friction.

Joint capsule

Fibrous tissue surrounding a synovial joint.

Synovial membrane

Inner lining of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid

Lubricating fluid that reduces friction within joints.

Tendon sheath

Protective covering surrounding a tendon that reduces friction.

Proximal epiphysis

End of a long bone closest to the body.

Distal epiphysis

End of a long bone farthest from the body.

Epiphyseal line

Growth plate where long bones lengthen during childhood.

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone.

Medullary cavity

Hollow cavity inside the diaphysis containing yellow marrow.

Compact bone

Dense outer layer of bone providing strength.

Spongy bone

Inner porous bone containing red marrow.

Red bone marrow

Tissue that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Yellow bone marrow

Fat-storing marrow located in the medullary cavity.

Bunion

Inflammation and enlargement of the bursa at the base of the big toe.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Compression of the median nerve in the wrist causing pain, numbness, and weakness.

Closed fracture

Broken bone without an open wound.

Compound fracture

Broken bone with an open wound.

Comminuted fracture

Fracture where the bone shatters into multiple fragments.

Compression fracture

Collapse of a vertebra due to trauma or osteoporosis.

Contracture

Abnormal shortening of muscles or tendons causing limited movement.

Dislocation

Bones of a joint are displaced from their normal alignment.

Fibromyalgia

Chronic disorder causing widespread muscle pain and tenderness.

Fracture (Fx)

Broken bone.

Ganglion cyst

Fluid-filled cyst commonly found on the wrist, hand, or ankle.

Gout

Arthritis caused by uric acid crystal deposits, usually affecting the big toe.

Greenstick fracture

Incomplete fracture where one side breaks and the other bends; common in children.

Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

Protrusion of an intervertebral disc that compresses spinal nerves.

Impacted fracture

Fracture in which one bone fragment is driven into another.

Oblique fracture

Fracture with a diagonal break across the bone.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Degenerative joint disease caused by cartilage breakdown resulting in bone-on-bone contact.

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone density causing weak, brittle bones and increased fracture risk.

Osteogenic sarcoma

Most common malignant bone cancer occurring primarily in adolescents.

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

Autoimmune disorder causing severe muscle weakness due to impaired nerve-muscle communication.

Pathologic fracture

Fracture caused by weakened or diseased bone rather than trauma.