Plants: Chapter 2 - Cell structure

chloroplasts produce…

organic carbon, sugars, and oxygen

plasmodesmata is responsible for ______ communication

cell-to-cell

how do plasmodesmata form a connection between cells?

building a bridge between membranes through the holes in the cell wall

central vacuole jobs

storage, recycle nutrients, and trapping pathogens

how does the central vacuole rip apart old mitochondria/chloroplasts?

a plant protein determines if its time, then it is marked that it needs to go to the vacuole

protoplasm

all living cell components

cytoplasm

all cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

plants are acidic/basic

acidic

main structural component of cell wall

cellulose

cellulose are chains of…

glucose molecules

cell walls have a matrix of…

hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins

middle lamella location and purpose

found between cells and allows for transportation between cells

primary cell wall location

outermost wall of cell

secondary cell wall location

located on the inside of primary cell walls

primary walls/secondary walls structure

primary - flexible, secondary - thicker, filled with lignin

what can plasmodesmata transport between membranes?

big proteins, RNA, DNA, chloroplasts

cellular communication purpose

regulation of cell activities

translocation occurs through the…

plasmodesmata

translocation in plasmodesmata materials transported

sugars, amino acids, ions, and other substances

middle lamella and most cell walls are _______

permeable

what happens when cell-cell communication stops?

cells around it is considered compromised, other cells around it send signals to shut down. cells around it will also shut down as a safety measure, forming rings of death as the pathogen tries to spread

apoplastic pathway

water + solutes move through nonliving plant parts

symplastic pathway

depends on metabolism for speed, travels through living part of cell

casparian strip

wax strip that reaches both sides of roots, stopping pathogens from continuing on. if it is in living tissue, then it is tagged and sent to vacuole.

if a cell needs to die because of a pathogen, it…

shuts down and dehydrates itself

before a cell shuts itself down, it…

signals to other cells before going down, usually 2-3 cell layers go down with it

the middle lamella can detect pathogens…

easily

the middle lamella ___ involved in the symplastic/aplastic pathways

is not

the symplastic pathway is highly ______

filtered and secure

pathogens try to stay _____ of defense modifications

ahead

cell-cell communication is _____ and where

constant, through plasma membrane

human symbiosis with bacteria becomes parasitic when…

immune system/health turns for the worse

cells act as _____ working as a _____

individuals, team

nucleus purpose

control center and contains dna

dna of plant cell

growth, differentation, and “wild type” genetic info.

plants can basically _____ their genes in real time

rewrite

endoplasmic reticulum purpose

where translation occurs, packages, and sends protein to final location

how does the ER send proteins?

pinches off a piece of itself to act as a vesicle

vesicles are transported via the _______

cytoskeleton

Golgi apparatus purpose

refines proteins from ER, pinched off again

all membranes are made of ______ material

the same

how do vesicles know where to deliver proteins?

chemical signals located on them and where theyre going to

what happens if a protein is delivered to the wrong place?

sent to central vacuole to be recycled

proteins shipped from the golgi can be shipped to….

outside the cell, the membrane itself, organelles, central vacuole

lysosome job

shred into monomers

proteins are transported through….

vesicles

how can a double membrane enforce equal sharing?

concentration gradients

photosynthesis occurs in the _________

thylakoid lumen

stroma is the ______ in chloroplasts

liquid

when do chloroplasts replicate?

when stress occurs and components fail

carotenoids pigment

yellow, orange, red

carotenoids can be as a….

signaling agent

plant cells are _________ in shape

rectangular and cubic

animal cells are _______ in shape

round or irregular

protoplasm

consists of all living components

protoplasm is bound by….

plasma membrane

cytoplasm

consists of all cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

cytosol

fluid within cytoplasm containing organelle

organelles

persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with specialized functions, most bound by membranes

main component of cell walls

cellulose

cell wall matrix contains…

hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins

middle lamella is first produced when….

new cell walls are formed

the middle lamella is _____ by two adjacent cells

shared

primary walls are laid on _______ of the middle lamella

either side

secondary walls are produced _____ the primary walls

inside

secondary walls are derived by the…..

thickening and inclusion of lignin

___________ are embedded in lignin for strength

cellulose microfibrils

___________ allows for direct connections between cells

plasmodesmata

translocation occurs through the ________

plasmodesmata

chemical signals are done by…

proteins

RNA communicates through….

hormones

middle lamella and cell walls are _________

permeable

cellular communication with the plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through tiny openings

apoplastic pathway has ________ move through

water and solute

apoplastic pathway involves the _______ parts of a plant

nonliving

symplastic pathway involves the ______ parts of the plant

living

symplastic pathway moves through the ______ by _______

cytoplasm, plasmodesmata

symplastic pathway is influenced by ________

metabolism

plasma membrane is composed of…

phospholipid bilayers with proteins interspersed throughout

fluid mosaic model

plasma membrane is dynamic structure

plasma membrane has ________ lining both sides

proteins and receptors

nucleus is the ______ of the cell

control center

nucleus jobs

sends coded messages, mRNA’s from DNA genes to be used in other cell parts

dna provides information that contributes to….

growth and differentiation

some plants contain a ______ genetic information to ________

wild type, revert from a mutation

some plants contain ______ of the whole plant genome

extra copies

endoplasmic reticulum description

enclosed space consisting of a network of flatted sacs and tubes forming channels throughout the cytoplasm

endoplasmic reticulum jobs

facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials, synthesizes membranes for other organelles and modifies proteins, helps build the plasmodesmata membrane

golgi is known as the _______ in plant cells

dictyosome

golgi purpose

modify carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the ER

golgi process of protein packaging

vesicles pinched off from margins and migrate and fuse to plasma membrane

vesices act as _______ for proteins

transport vessels

chloroplasts are the ____ for photosynthesis

core

thylakoid

membrane filled with chlorophyll

stroma

matrix of enzymes, fluid, and compounds

components of chloroplasts

thylakoid, stroma, circular dna, proteins

chloroplasts can ____ replicate in the host

self

chromoplasts

synthesize and accumulate carotenoids

carotenoids colors

yellow, orange, red

leucoplasts are _______

colorless