Forces and Matter

Van Der Waals

Forces binding covalent bonds

Keesom forces

Forces attracting 2 polar bonds

Debye forces

Attractive forces between polar and non polar

London dispersion forces

Attractive forces between two non polar

Hydrogen bonds

Interactions between a Hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom

Ion dipole

Force between an ionic compound and a polar compound

Ion induced dipole

Force between an ionic compound and a non polar compound

Bose-Einstein condensate

A state that occurs very close to absolute zero

Quark-gluon plasma

The state with the highest energy level

Degenerate matter

Highly compressed state which often exists in star cores

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Helps explain the properties of the different states of matter in terms of forces between the particles of matter and the energy they possess.

Vapor Pressure

The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid (or solid); that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a liquid (or solid) above a sample of the liquid (or solid) in a closed container.

Critical Temperature

The temperature above which a liquid can no longer exist

Critical Pressure

The pressure required to liquify a gas at its critical temperature

Clausius-Clapeyron’s Equation

It gives the relationship of vapor pressure and the absolute temperature

Manometer

Most accurate device in measuring lower ranges of pressure

Isopiestic Method

Used for precise determination of vapor pressure of water and solutions

Thermoelectric method

Measures change in potential as a solution of known vapor pressure and unknown evaporate in a chamber maintained at constant humidity

Boiling point

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid

Heat of vaporization

Heat supplied at the boiling point to effect the vaporization of the substance

Surface Tension

The attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquids by the molecules

Viscosity

Reciprocal of fluidity, force of friction that tends to retard movement in a fluid body, resistance of a liquid to flow

Absolute/Dynamic Viscosity

Measurement of the fluids internal resistance to flow

Relative Viscosity

Viscosity in relation to a standard

Kinematic Viscosity

Absolute viscosity divided by the density of the liquid at a specific temperature

Capillary viscosimeter

The viscosity of a Newton Ian liquid can be determined by measuring the time required for the liquid to pass between two marks as it flows by gravity through a vertical tube

Freezing point

The temperature at which there is an equilibrium between the solid and the liquid phases

Heat of fusion

Takes place when freezing takes place with the evolution of heat. In order to melt the substance, heat must be supplied.

X-ray Diffraction

Is a method of crystal lattice determination

Enantiotropic

When a change from one polynorphic form to another is reversible