NSC 308 Chapter 14

Which of the following minerals play a role in maintaining blood health?

• Copper

• Iron

• Zinc

Almost two-thirds of body water is found in the ______ fluid compartment.

intracellular

A solute is a ______.

substance dissolved in a solution

When NaCl dissociates in solution, the resulting ions Na+ and Cl- are called ______.

electrolytes

Which electrolytes are generally present in intracellular fluid?

Potassium (K+) and phosphate (HPO4^2-)

Which of the following minerals play a role in maintaining fluid balance?

Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride

Identify the two compartments where body water is found.

Intracellular compartment and extracellular compartment

What is the term for the passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane?

Osmosis

Solutions often contain dissolved substances known as ______.

solutes

The kidneys, brain, lungs, and liver all have important roles in maintaining ______ balance.

water

Electrolytes are ______.

ions that form when salts dissociate in solution

Which electrolytes are generally present in extracellular fluid?

• Sodium

• Chloride

In response to increased ______, the pituitary gland releases ADH, which signals the kidneys to retain water.

osmotic pressure

Examples of this process include pulling water out of strawberries by sprinkling them with sugar and crisping limp celery by placing it in water.

osmosis

What effect does low blood pressure have on water balance?

It causes kidneys to increase water conservation.

Which of the following organs play important roles in water regulation?

• kidneys

• brain

When NaCl dissociates in solution, the resulting ions Na+ and Cl- are called ______.

electrolytes

The release of renin in the kidneys is initiated by ______.

falling blood pressure

What role does antidiuretic hormone play in relation to the regulation of water balance?

It signals the kidneys to retain water, reducing urine output.

What are the roles of angiotensin II?

• Release of aldosterone

• Constriction of blood vessels

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the ______ that acts on the kidneys, causing them to retain sodium and water.

adrenal glands

When blood pressure ______ the body triggers a series of fluid conservation measures.

falls

The production of saliva, keeping tissues moist, and the removal of waste products in the urine are all dependent on ______.

water

The enzyme formed in the kidneys that acts on a blood protein called angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I is ________.

renin

Water ______ temperature changes, which helps the body regulate a safe body temperature.

resists

What is the term for the compound produced from angiotensin I that increases blood vessel constriction?

angiotensin II

______ is a hormone that acts on the kidneys, causing them to retain sodium and, therefore, water.

Aldosterone

How does sweat cool the skin?

Heat energy from the skin evaporates the sweat.

What is the nitrogen-containing by-product of protein metabolism excreted as a major waste product in the urine?

Urea

Water has many functions. These functions include ______.

• regulating body temperature

• acting as a solvent

• forming specialized fluids throughout the body

Water has a high heat capacity, or _______ heat, which aids in body temperature regulation.

specific

What is the Adequate Intake for total water intake per day for adult women?

11 cups

During exercise or hot weather, ______ is secreted through the skin pores.

sweat

In all cases of dehydration, fluid intake ______ fluid loss.

does not match

 Most unwanted substances in the body are water soluble and can leave the body via the ______.

urine

Which of the following are functions of sodium? More than one answer may be correct.

• It aids in water balance.

• It helps in the absorption of glucose in the small intestine.

The production of saliva, keeping tissues moist, and the removal of waste products in the urine are all dependent on ______.

water

Which of the following are the most abundant dietary sources of sodium?

• Restaurant food

• Processed foods

Which of the following are functions of potassium?

• Transmits nerve impulses

• Maintains fluid balance

• Contracts muscle

What is the Adequate Intake for daily water consumption for men?

15 cups

Which type of major mineral is most often found in unprocessed foods like fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats?

Potassium

______ can be caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, heavy exercise, hot weather, dry environments, and even high altitudes. It occurs when fluid intake does not match fluid loss.

Dehydration

Which mineral is required for normal muscle and nerve function and aids in water balance?

Sodium

The salt shaker at home, processed foods, and food consumed at restaurants are all common sources of which mineral?

Sodium

Chloride is an essential nutrient and the main anion in the ______ fluid.

extracellular

Which major mineral is thought to blunt the effects of a high salt intake and help keep blood pressure normal?

Potassium

Which of the following foods are good sources of potassium?

• Dried beans

• Broccoli

• Bananas

Which of the following are functions of chloride?

• Aids in the transmission of nerve impulses

• Used during immune responses

• Is a component of the acid produced in the stomach for food digestion

Which of the following are functions of sodium? More than one answer may be correct. 

• It aids in water balance.

• It helps in the absorption of glucose in the small intestine.

Chloride is known as a(n) ______ nutrient.

essential

Table salt consists of sodium and ______.

chloride

______ are blood cells that are involved in the body's immune system and help fight infection.

Leukocytes

When the number of normal red blood cells is lower than normal the condition called ______ occurs.

anemia

______, along with sodium, helps maintain extracellular fluid volume and balance.

Chloride

Globally, ______ percent of women ages 15-49 years have anemia, with about half of all cases due to iron deficiency.

30

Which of the following foods contain chloride?

• Seaweed

• Lettuce

• Table salt

Which blood component is vital for normal blood clotting?

Platelets

Within the mitochondria, ______ is a component of cytochromes that carry electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain.

iron

Causes of anemia include:

• limiting the synthesis of red blood cells.

• blood loss.

• an increased breakdown of red blood cells.

Which of the following are good sources of iron?

• Life cereal

• Navy beans

• Liverwurst

What mineral deficiency is considered a leading global health risk by the World Health Organization?

Iron

Sally is very tired and having trouble concentrating in school. Her fatigue most likely is a result of low energy production due to poor oxygenation of her tissues. She could be suffering from what disease?

iron deficiency anemia

Vitamin K affects bone health by ______.

affecting synthesis of specific bone proteins

What are some functions of iron within the human body?

• Drug and alcohol transformation

• Energy metabolism

• Part of many enzymes

Which vitamin can be synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?

Vitamin K

Select the highest source of iron.

Clams, 3 oz

Which vitamin is given as an injection to infants at birth?

Vitamin K

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

• Impaired energy metabolism

• Fatigue

• Depressed immunity

An action of vitamin K that may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease is ______.

the prevention of blood vessel calcification

One of iron's main functions is to ______.

aid in oxygen transportation

Identify the sources of vitamin K.

• Green leafy vegetables

• Canola oil

• Broccoli

Infants are given an injection of vitamin K at birth because ______.

their intestines lack sufficient bacteria to produce Vitamin K

Vitamin K affects bone health by ______.

affecting synthesis of specific bone proteins