dealing with offending behaviour

what are two custodial sentencing aims?

Deterrence

General deterrence – aims to send message to society that crime will be punished

individual deterrence - aims To prevent offender from wanting to reoffend because they don’t want to go back

Incapacitation In prison = removes offender from society prevent preventing them from causing him to public duration of incapacitation depends on severity of crime

what are the other two custodial sentence sentencing aim?

Retribution – a form of revenge for society and the victims based on the eye for eye concept that offender should suffer for other harmful action

rehabilitation – the most important objectives of prison is to not punish but to reform the offender. Hoped that when a person leaves they are better adjusted to go back to society.

what are psychological effects of custodial sentencing?

stress and depression– Suicide rates impression are considerably higher than in the general population – same for self harm and mutilation, many people suffer stress related psychological disturbances after they leave prison

Institutionalisation – after long periods of time in prison offenders become accustomed to norms and routines of prison life they become unable to handle life outside prison away from these routines

prisonisation– Prisoners socialise into adopting inmate code behaviour that is frowned upon outside world our praised and rewarded imprison by other inmates

what is recidivism?

Reoffending – refers to when a person who has already been convicted of a crime commits a further crime

what are the official statistics from the Ministry of Justice 2013?

57% of those released from prison or reoffend within one year in 2007, 14 prisons in the UK reported reoffending rate over 70% 10% of criminals are responsible for around 50% of crimes UKUS highest rates

what behaviourist principles can be used?

If we accept the behaviourist ideas of conditioning then we should be able to encourage people to unline their criminal behaviour by teaching compliance

what systems are used in prisons?

Application of operating conditioning in prisons to rehab rehabilitation offenders known as token economy systems. These systems reward prisoners for good behaviour e.g. keeping their self clean with tokens which can be exchanged for reward.

process of the system in changing behaviour

tokens known as secondary forces because they don’t derive their value from their association with a reward tokens can be removed as punishment tokens can be exchanged for awards phone calls encourages compliance but discourages disobedience

what desired behaviours are identified?

A wooden confrontation and complying to prison rules

What is it then broken down into And how does it succeed

Increments like cleaning room and completing guard instruction without hesitation

Once all behaviours (to reward And punish) Or agreed to poem all who come into contact with the offenders must follow the same regime of selective reinforcement – it will vary according to the offender and their ames🥺

what is restorative justice and historic convictions?

Historically convicted of a criminal offence = committed a crime against the state punishment designed to repay their debt to the state

what is the focus of restorative justice and the role of the victim?

Meeting the needs of the victim

Play an active role in the justice process

what is it promoted by?

Restorative justice Council – a more effective long-term alternative to prosecution

what is the process?

Process of manage collaboration – meaning that the offender and victim work together under the professional guidance

Two parties come together in a super supervised meeting

Give the victim a chance to confront the offender and explain how the incident has affected them

Force the offender to witness the consequences of their actions such as the emotional distress of the victim

what are some key features?

Focus on acceptance of responsibility and positive change for people who calm others less emphasis on punishment

Not restricted to courtroom victims and offender may voluntarily choose to meet face-to-face in a non-courtroom setting allows other relevant community members to take part

Active rather than passive involvement of all parties in the process

Focus on positive outcomes for both victims and offenders

Can involve financial retribution – where the offender pays money to the victim for any emotional or physical damage done