chapter 6

what are the 3 major lipids

tryglycerides

cholesterol

phospholipids

what are (6) functions of lipids in the body

provide and store fat

maintain cell membranes

produce certain hormones

insulate the body against cold temp

cushion body

absorb and store fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals

what are (3) important functions of lipids in foods

rich flavor, smooth texture, aroma

why is exess body fat beneficial for older adults

source of energy

insulation against cold

protect bones from falls

chemical structure of saturates fats, what foods?

each carbon within hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen atoms

beef, butter, coconut, reduced fat dairy

chemical structure of monounsaturated fats, what foods?

one double double bond

avacodo, peanuts, seseme seeds, almonds, fish

chemical structure of polyunsaturated fats, what foods?

3 double bonds

walnuts, flaxseed, fish

short chain fatty acids have how many carbons?

2-4

medium chain fatty acids have how many carbons?

6-12

long chain fatty acids have how many carbons?

14-24

what are the two PUFA’s? why are they important

alpha-linolenic acid

linoliec

they are essential fatty acids

what is alpha linoliec acid? what does it synthesize?

omega 3 fatty acid

EPA, DHA

what is linoliec acid? what does it synthesize?

omega 6 fatty acid

AA

chemical structure of trans fatty acids (2) names

cis fatty acid- “Kink”, hydrogen atoms on the same side

Trans form- hydrogen atoms on opposite sides

what did the FDA ban

partialy hydrogented oils (PHO)

chemical structre of tryglycerides, what is there function, what are they in?

3 fatty acids attached glycerol

the body stores tryglycerides as energy (fat)

fats and oils

chemical structre of phospholipids, what is there function, what are they in?

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

emulsifyer, used in cellular membranes

egg yolks, liver, soybeans (contain lecethin)

chemical structre of cholesterol, what is there function, what are they in?

carbons arranged in rings

cell membrane, synthesize hormones, bile production

animal products

what are the signs of an essential fatty acid deficiency?

scaly skin

hair loss

slow wound healing

lipid digestion, absorption, and transport

salivary amylase breaks down starch and glycogen, starch broke down to maltose

pancreatic enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase) break down molecules to monosacharides

through diffusion all monomers are transported to hepatic portal vein and sent to liver

liver converts all monomers to either…glycogen, fat, energy for cells

what is CCK? (2)

signals gallblader to contract and release bile

signals pancreas to release digestive enzymes

what are bile salts?

part of bile that enhances lipid digestion and absorption

lipoproteins

water soluble structures that transports lipids through blood stream

whats a chylomycron

a type of lipoprotein

what does pancreatic lipase do?

converts triglycerides to monoglycerides

whats a micelle

lipid particles surrounded by bile salts

transports lipids to absorption cells

whats the effect of enterophatic circulation on cholesterol metabolism?

can reduce blood cholesterol levels when interfered with

what is enterophatic circulation

process that recycles cholesterol in the body (recycles bile from intestinal tract)

eating food rich in fiber can interfere with this process in small intestine, causing liver to remove cholesterol from blood to make new bile salts and dropping cholesterol levels (this is good)

whats the primary role of adipose cells “fat cells”

store fat by rmoving fatty acids and glycerol from circulation

whats the percentage of fat in typical american diet?

38% of total energy intake

what is the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution range)

20-30% of total calories

whats the american heart accociations rcommended fat and cholesterol intake?

should consume less than 10% of total calories of saturated fats

what is carciovascular disease and atherosclerosis

group of medical conditions that effect heart and blood vessels

top result of CVD, long term disease process where plaque builds up in artiereal walls

whats the process of artherosclerosis

artery becomes irritated, arterial wall dposites cholesterol to to repare damage, results in arterial plaque buildup and can cause clots

whats a thrombus and what are its effects?

fixed bunch of clots that remain in place

can close off oxygen and nutrient flow to parts of heart and lead to heart pain or myocardial infarction “heart attack”

whats an embolus and what can it cause?

throbus or plaque that breaks free into bloodstream

can also cause heart attack or stroke

what arteries are more likely to be effected by artherosclerosis

blood flow to,

heart and brain

kidneys, eyes, and legs

what are the 3 major types of lipoproteins

high density lipopretein (HDL)- (smallest and dencests )transports cholesterol away from tissues to liver

low density lipoprotein (LDL)- transports cholesterol into tissues

very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)- carries much of the triglycrides in blood

what are 3 modifyaable risk factors of artherosclerosis

ungealthy diet

hypertension

excess body fat

what are 3 nonmodifyaable risk factors of artherosclerosis

family history of cvd

increasing age

high levels of homocystein

HDL cholesterol vs LDL

LDL is considered the “bad” cholesterol bc contributes to fatty buildup in arteries

HDL considered “good” cholesterol bc it carries LDL cholesterol away from blood into liver

what dietary and lifstyle actions can lower risk of artherosclerosis

increasing fiber intake

cutting refines carbs

less alchohol

quite smoking

excess body fat 2

what is a statin?

reduce elevated blood lipid levels

what HDL cholesterol level poses higher risk for CVD

under 40 for males

under 50 for females

low risk is over 60

what are 3 kinds of fish high in methylmurcury

king mackerel

swordfish

shark

ammounts of beer, wine, and spirits in a standard drink

Beer: 12.0

wine: 5.0

spirits: 1.5

whats a moderate drinker

males: 2 drinks per day

females: 1 drin per day

whats a heavey drinker

male: 15 or more per week

females: 8 per week

binge

male: 5 or more per occasion (2 hrs)

fmale: 4 or more per occasion (2 hrs)

factors that effect alcohol metabolism

sex

body size and composition

age

drinking histry

ammount and timing of consumption

whats the bac of legal consumption while driving

0.08%

what system does alcohol damage

every system, increases risk of cancers

how does alcohol effect GI

intestinal ulcers

alchoholic pancreatitis

cancers in digestive system

effects of alcohol on brain

loss in muscle control (lips eyes limbs)

loss of concieuosness

coma and death

aolcohol on liver

hardening of liver

hapatitis

liver cancer

alcohol on cardiovascular system

increase risk of CVD

increases hypertension

stroke

heart faliure

weight gain

alcohol on nutritional status

damages liver and interferes with digestion and absorption of micronutrient

what is fetal alcohol syndrome

when mother consumes alchohol during pregnancy