Unit 2 AP HUMAN VOCAB

Agricultural Revolution

The shift from hunting and gathering to farming via domestication.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

Arithmetic Density

The total population of a region divided by its total land area.

Census

Demographic information collected systematically by a government from its entire population at regular intervals.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every $1,000$ people in a population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths per $1,000$ people in a population in a single year.

Demographic Transition Model

A five-stage model that explains how birth rates, death rates, and population growth change over time as societies develop.

Demography

The scientific study of human populations, focusing on their size, composition, distribution, and changes over time.

Dependency Ratio

Measures the number of dependents compared to the working age population.

Dependent Population

The part of the population that does not work and relies on others for the goods and services they consume.

Doubling Time

The number of years a population needs to double at a constant growth rate.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface where humans have built permanent homes and settlements.

Epidemiologic Transition

A framework that explains why causes of death shift from infectious to chronic diseases as countries develop.

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science that studies the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases in a population.

Industrial Revolution

The fundamental shift from hand production to machine powered manufacturing.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under one year old per $1,000$ live births in a year.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person born is expected to live.

Malthusian Theory

An idea by British economist Thomas Malthus stating that human population grows faster than the food supply, leading to mass starvation and crisis.

Midlatitudes

The regions of the Earth located between $30^\circ$ and $60^\circ\text{ N}$ and $30^\circ$ and $60^\circ\text{ S}$ of the equator.

Medical Revolution

Technology invented in Europe and North America that diffused to developing countries, eliminating traditional causes of death and extending life expectancy.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage at which a population grows or shrinks in a year based solely on births and deaths.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern thinkers who revive and expand the Malthusian Theory.

Overpopulation

Condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment and available resources to support them at an acceptable standard of living.

Pandemic

A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land.

Population Pyramid

A special bar graph that shows how a population is divided by age and sex.

Potential Workforce

The segment of a population aged $15$ to $64$ that is able and expected to work.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing boundaries of voting districts, typically done after the collection of new population data from the census.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per $100$ females in a population.

Social Stratification

The hierarchical ranking of people in a society into distinct layers based on wealth, power, prestige, and education.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman would have during her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A demographic state where the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate, resulting in a natural increase rate of zero and a stable total population size.

Thomas Malthus

British economist who created Malthusian theory, proposing that human population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically.

E.G. Ravenstein

Geographer who created the Laws of Migration, a concept that predicts patterns of human movement.

Ester Boserup

An economist who argued that population growth drives agricultural innovation, meaning food production rises to match human demand.

Aging Population

A population with a growing share of older people.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government strategies designed to discourage population growth by decreasing birth rates.

Arithmetic Growth

A linear pattern of population or resource increase where a fixed, constant number of individuals or units is added during each time period.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people that an environment can support over a long time without damaging its natural resources.

Contraception

Any methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy.

Demographic Momentum

The tendency for a population to keep growing even after fertility rates drop to or below replacement level.

Endemic

A disease or a cultural or biological trait that is consistently present and restricted to a specific region or population.

Epidemic

A sudden, unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographic region, community, or population above what is normally expected.

Exponential Growth

A pattern of population increase where the growth rate gets faster and larger as the total population grows.

Family Planning Services

Programs providing access to contraception and reproductive health services that help lower birth rates.

Matriarchal

A social structure in which women hold primary power and authority in leadership, inheritance, and kinship.

Mortality

The incidence or frequency of death within a population.

Patriarchal

A social system where men dominate positions of power, leadership, and authority.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government programs and incentives designed to increase birth rates and boost total fertility.

Cohort

A group of people in a population who share a specific common characteristic, usually age, and are tracked together as a statistical unit.

Baby Boomer

Individuals born in the USA between $1946$ and $1964$, just after WWII in a time of relative peace and prosperity.

Baby Bust

Period during the $1960\text{s}$ and $1970\text{s}$ when fertility rates in the USA dropped as large numbers of women sought higher education and careers, marrying later.

Generation X

Demographic group born in the USA between $1964$ and $1980$, following the post-WWII boom, expected to support older cohorts during retirement.

Millennials

Also known as Generation Y, the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z, born between the early $1980\text{s}$ and the mid-$1990\text{s}$ to early $2000\text{s}$.

Generation Z

Demographic cohort born from the mid-$1990\text{s}$ to early $2000\text{s}$, characterized by widespread internet and social media use from a young age.