Chemistry rule book

Atomic number represent number of

Atomic number = number proteins

Mass number represent number of

Mass number = number protons + number neurons

Most electronegative element

F

Group 1 reactivity no or down

Down increase group 1

Ionic compound 4 properties mpm. Electricity. Soluble

High mp

Consider electricity if dissolved/molten and not is is solid

Usually double in water

Covalent compound 4 properties mpm. Electricity. Soluble

Looks mp

Poor electrical conductor
Gas or liquid

Bond increase so single to double to triple what happen to strength, plenty

Stronger

Shorter

Sp =

sp

Triple

Linar

Sp 2

Sp2

Double

Trigonal planar

Sp3

Sp3

Single

Tetrahedral

5 non polar molecule

H2

O2

N2

Cl2

CO2

3 polar molecule

H2O

HCL

NH3

Did nitrogen reat with water

No

What colour is Cl2 gas

Green yellow

Cl2 what type agent

Cl2 = oxidising agent

What 3 things Cl2 react with

Cl2 +

NaOH

Metal hydrogen

4 acidic oxides

CO2

N2O5
SO2

SO3

3 Basic oxiees

Na2O

CaO

MgO

What 1 neutral oxide

Neutral oxide = CO

AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl+NaNO3

What is this and is it redox or no

Percipitation so not redox

Common oxidising agent 5

O2

Cl2

KMnO4

Dichromate

Concentrated HNO3

Common reducing agents 3’

H2

CO

active metals

Cathode is reduction of oxidation

Reduction

Anode is reduction of oxidation

Outstation

Cathode -reduction

Anode - oxidation

Acidic oxides

CO2. SO2. SO3. N2O5

How does higher temperature affect rate constant causing what

Higher temp

Higher rate constant

Faster reaction

For a faster reaction do w you want a high or low activation energy

Low

High activation energy = slow reaction

Large K = more products

Smaller K = more reactants

Heat is added to reactants or products

Products

Increasing temperature so more heat add to productsso equilibrium shift to sure that use the heat so the opposite side to the reactants

Harber process is endo or exo

Harber process = exothermic

"Where is heat written?"

Heat on the RIGHT:

Exothermic

Temperature ↑ → move LEFT

Heat on the LEFT:

Endothermic

Temperature ↑ → move RIGHT

Solution is a __________ mixture

Solution is a homogenous mixture

3’good example of strong electrolytes

NaCl

HCl

KNO3

A weak electrolyte

CH3COOH

Non electrolytes

Glucose

To be an electrolyte you must produce what in water

Electrolytes produces ions in water

Carbonate and hydroxide are insoluble except it group 1 and nitrate

Colloid has particles between…

Solution and suspension

Example of colloids

Milk

Fog

Gelatin

Acid what pH

7 -14 acid

Acid and blue to red litmus

Phenolphthalein colour change for what

Acid colourless. —> base pink

Neutral solution / salt made of

Strong base + strong acid

3 strongest acid

HCl

HNO3

H2SO4

Strong Bases 5

Group 1 hydroxides:

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

Some Group 2 hydroxides:

Ca(OH)₂

Ba(OH)₂

Common Weak Acids 3

CH₃COOH (acetic acid)

H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid)

H₃PO₄ (phosphoric acid)

Weak base

NH3

Alkyne what type bond

Triple

What reaction is this called. Conditions.

CH4​+Cl2​→CH3​Cl+HCl

Substitution

UV light

Alkane or alkene more reactive

Alkene bc double bond so weaker pi bond so weaker to break