AP Human 1.1 - 1.3

Physical maps

show and label natural features, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts.

Latitude

It is the distance north or south of the equator, an imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the North and South Poles.

Thematic Maps

They show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon.

Longitude

It measures distance east or west of the prime meridian. They are also called meridians, are imaginary lines that divide the Earth. They run north to south from pole to pole, but they measure the distance east or west. It is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

time-distance decay

The idea is that things, such as cities, near each other are more closely connected or related than things that are far apart.

Spatial patterns

It refers to the general arrangement of things being studied.

Graduated symbol maps

Use symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of a variable.

Networks

Patterns, and relationships that exist between locations, how they evolve, and what their effects are.

Isoline maps

Use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space. Used for weather and elevation.

Connectivity

It is how well two locations are tied together by roads or other links and accessibility, how quickly and easily people in one location can interact with people in another location.

Quantitative Data

It is any information that can be measured and recorded using numbers such as total number of immigrants to a city. It has a geographic location component to it such as a country, city, zip code, latitude, longitude, or address and is often used with geographic information systems (see Topics 1.2 and 1.3) because it lends itself to analysis using formulas and is mappable. An example would be average annual income by country.

Accessibility

It is how quickly and easily people in one location can interact with people in another location.

Geospatial Data

It can be quantitative or qualitative and may be gathered by organizations or individuals. It includes all information that can be tied to a specific place. Besides locations of things, such as mountains or roads or boundaries it includes human activities and traits.

Cartogram

The sizes of countries are shown according to a specific variable. Area is distorted to show a variable.

Direction

It is used in order to describe where things are in relation to each other.

Scales of analysis

Studying phenomena by zooming in and zooming out in order to develop a more complete understanding of the topics being studied.

Cartographic Scale

It refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents:

Patterns

The general arrangement of things, in the distribution of phenomena across space that give clues about causes or effects of the distribution.

Reference Maps

They are aptly named because they are designed for people to refer to for general information about places.

small-scale maps

They show a larger amount of area with less detail

Political maps

It show and label human-created boundaries and designations, such as countries, states, cities, and capitals.

Large-scale Maps

show a smaller amount of area with a greater amount of detail.

Landscape Analysis

The task of defining and describing landscapes.

Spatial data

All of the information that can be tied to specific locations

Aerial Photography

Professional images captured from planes within the atmosphere, is an important source of observed data available today.

Scale

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole; specifically, the relationship between the size of an object

Field Observations

It is used to refer to the act of physically visiting a location, place, or region and recording, firsthand, information there. Geographers can often be found writing notes, taking photographs, sketching maps, counting and measuring things, and interviewing people as they walk through an area that they are interested in studying.

Remote Sensing

It gathers information from satellites that orbit the earth or other craft above the atmosphere.

Geovisualization

It allow people to zoom in or out to see the data in ways that were previously impossible.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Community-based Solutions

It's a collaborative process sometimes referred to as human-centered design, which is exactly what it sounds like: Putting people at the center of both identifying key problems and developing, testing, and implementing new approaches that will work best for them.

Physical Geography

is the study of spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment.

Absolute Location

It is the precise spot where something is according to some system. The most widely used system is the global grid of lines known as latitude and longitude. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator, an imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the North and South Poles.

Distribution

It is the way a phenomenon is spread out over an area. Some areas might have a cluster or concentration of something that is sparse in other areas.

Human Geography

It is the study of the spatial characteristics of humans and human activities.

Road Maps

It shows and label highways, streets, and alleys.

Clustered (agglomerated) Distribution

Phenomena are arranged in a group or concentrated area such as restaurants in a food court at a mall or the clustering of cities along the border of the United States and Mexico.

Models

They are representations of reality or theories about reality, to help geographers see general spatial patterns, focus on the influence of specific factors, and understand variations from place to place. They help explain, describe, and sometimes even predict spatial activity and phenomena.

Plat Maps

It shows and label property lines and details of land ownership.

Equator

It is an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

Linear Distribution

Phenomena are arranged in a straight line, such as the distribution of towns along a railroad line.

Spatial Models

They look like stylized maps, and they illustrate theories about spatial distributions. They have been developed for agricultural and urban land use, distributions of cities, and store or factory location.

Dispersed Distribution

Phenomena are spread out over a large area, such as the distribution of large malls in a city.

Nonspatial Models

They illustrate theories and concepts using words, graphs, or tables. They often depict changes over time rather than across space with more accuracy than spatial models.

Choropleth Maps

It uses various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data.

Prime Meridian

It is the line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around Earth. The prime meridian is arbitrary, meaning it could be chosen to be anywhere.

Circular Distribution

Phenomena are equally spaced from a central point, forming a circle, such as the distribution of the homes of people who shop at a particular store.

Dot Distribution Maps

Each dot represents a specified quantity of a spatial characteristic.

International Date Line

It is an imaginary line extending between the North Pole and the South Pole and arbitrarily demarcating each calendar day from the next. It corresponds along most of its length to the 180th meridian of longitude but deviates eastward through the Bering Strait to avoid dividing Siberia and then deviates westward to include the Aleutian Islands with Alaska.

Geometric Distribution

Phenomena are in a regular arrangement, such as the squares or blocks formed by roads in the Midwest,

Relative Location

It is a description of where something is in relation to other things. To describe Salt Lake City, Utah, as being "just south of the Great Salt Lake and just west of the Rocky Mountains, on Interstate 15 about halfway between Las Vegas, Nevada, and Butte, Montana,"

Random Distribution

Phenomena appear to have no order to their position, such as the distribution of pet owners in a city.

Topographic Maps

The most common type of isoline maps are_maps, which are popular among hikers. Points of equal elevation are connected on these maps, creating contours that depict surface features.

Qualitative Sources

This data is collected as interviews, photographs, remote satellite images, descriptions, or cartoons.

Absolute Distance

It is usually measured in terms of feet, miles, meters or kilometers. For example, the distance from home to your school is 2.2 miles.

Relative Distance

It indicates the degree of nearness based on time or money and is often dependent on the mode of travel. For example, traveling from home to your school takes 10 minutes by car or 25 minutes walking.

Elevation

It is the distance of features above sea level, usually measured in feet or meters.

Fieldwork

It involves observing and recording information on location, or in the field.