APHUG ~ Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

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100 Terms

1
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Built Landscape –

Human-made features on land (e.g., buildings, roads).

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Sequent Occupance –

Different groups leave their mark on a place over time.

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Cultural Landscape –

How humans shape the land around them.

4
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Arithmetic Density –

People per total land area.

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Physiological Density –

People per arable (farmable) land.

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Hearth –

Where an idea or innovation starts.

7
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Relocation Diffusion –

Ideas spread through people moving.

8
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Expansion Diffusion –

Ideas spread in a growing pattern.

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Hierarchical Diffusion –

Ideas spread from authority or influencers.

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Contagious Diffusion –

Ideas spread quickly like a virus.

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Stimulus Diffusion –

An idea changes as it spreads.

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Absolute Direction –

Exact compass directions (north, south, etc.).

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Relative Direction –

Directions based on perception (left, right, up, down).

14
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Dispersed –

Spread out over an area.

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Scattered –

Spread randomly with gaps in between.

16
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Clustered –

Grouped close together.

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Absolute Distance –

Exact measured space between two places.

18
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Relative Distance –

Distance described in terms of time or connections.

19
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Distribution –

How things are arranged on Earth’s surface.

20
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Environmental Determinism –

The idea that nature controls human actions.

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Absolute Location –

Exact location using latitude and longitude.

22
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Relative Location –

Location described by nearby places.

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Site –

What’s physically there (e.g., climate, landforms).

24
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Situation –

A place’s location compared to others.

25
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Toponym –

The name of a place.

26
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Linear Pattern –

Objects arranged in a straight line.

27
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Centralized Pattern –

Objects clustered in one area.

28
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Random Pattern –

No clear order in arrangement.

29
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Natural Landscape –

Land untouched by humans.

30
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Possibilism –

People can adapt to their environment.

31
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Formal Region –

A region where everyone shares a trait (e.g., language).

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Functional Region –

A region centered around a node (e.g., a city’s influence).

33
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Vernacular Region –

A region based on people's perceptions (e.g., "The South").

34
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Scale –

The level of detail shown on a map.

35
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Size –

How big something is.

36
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Accessibility –

How easy it is to reach a place.

37
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Connectivity –

How places are linked together.

38
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Network –

A system of connected places or people.

39
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Distance Decay –

The farther away, the less interaction.

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Friction of Distance –

Distance makes interaction harder.

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Time-Space Compression –

Technology makes distances feel shorter.

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Distortion –

Maps warp reality.

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GIS (Geographic Information System) –

A computer system for mapping data.

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GPS (Global Positioning System) –

Finds exact locations using satellites.

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Grid –

A pattern of intersecting lines (latitude & longitude).

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North & South Poles –

The top and bottom of Earth.

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Latitude –

Lines that run east-west, measure north-south.

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Parallel –

A latitude line.

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Equator –

0° latitude, divides Earth into north and south.

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Longitude –

Lines that run north-south, measure east-west.

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Meridian –

A longitude line.

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Prime Meridian –

0° longitude, passes through Greenwich, England.

53
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International Date Line –

Where the date changes by a day.

54
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Maps –

2D drawings of Earth’s surface.

55
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Map Scale –

The ratio of map distance to real distance.

56
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Thematic Map –

Shows specific data (e.g., population).

57
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Statistical Map –

Uses data variations (e.g., rainfall).

58
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Cartogram –

Distorts size to show a theme.

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Dot Map –

Uses dots to show frequency.

60
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Choropleth Map –

Uses colors/shading to show data.

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Isoline Map –

Uses lines to connect equal values.

62
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Mental Map –

A person’s internal map of places.

63
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Model –

A simplified version of reality for study.

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Time Zones –

24 zones that divide the world’s time.

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Remote Sensing –

Collecting data from satellites.

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Map Projection –

Flattening Earth into a 2D map.

67
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Mercator Projection –

Accurate shape, but size is distorted.

68
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Azimuthal Projection –

Looks like a flat circle from above.

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Robinson Projection –

Balances distortion but shrinks landmasses.

70
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Fuller Projection –

Keeps land accurate but removes direction.

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Peters Projection –

Keeps land area accurate but distorts shape.

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Culture –

The shared knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of a society.

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Cultural Trait –

A single element of culture, like a style of dress.

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Culture Complex –

A set of related cultural traits.

75
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Independent Invention –

A trait developed independently in different places.

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Diffusion –

The spread of a cultural element or phenomenon.

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Culture Diffusion –

The spread of culture from its origin to other areas.

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Time-Distance Decay –

The decline in the acceptance of an idea as time and distance increase.

79
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Cultural Barriers –

Cultural attitudes that prevent the acceptance of certain ideas or innovations.

80
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Human Geography –

The spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes

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Globalization –

The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to a global scale.

82
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Spatial Perspective

Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

83
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Location

The geographical situation of people and things

84
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Location Theory –

An explanation of the locational patterns of economic activities and their interrelationships.

85
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Human-Environment Interaction –

The interactions between human society and the natural environment.

86
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Sense of Place –

The emotional and meaningful connection to a place through memories or character.

87
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Perception of Place –

Understanding or beliefs about a place formed through media or experiences.

88
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Movement

The mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet

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Complementarity –

When two regions satisfy each other's needs through trade.

90
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Intervening Opportunity –

A nearer opportunity that reduces the appeal of more distant ones.

91
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Sequent Landscape –

Successive societies leaving cultural imprints on a place.

92
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Equal Area Projection Map –

A map where areas are shown in proportion to their actual size.

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Conformal Map –

A map that preserves the shape of small areas.

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Cylindrical Projection Map –

A map projection where features are projected onto a cylinder.

95
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Planar Projection Map –

A map projection that shows the globe on a plane.

96
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Conic Projection Map –

A map where features are projected onto a cone.

97
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Oval Projection Map –

A map that shows Earth in an elliptical shape.

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Reference Map –

A map showing locations and geographic features.

99
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Flow-line Maps –

Maps showing movement between places with line thickness indicating quantity.

100
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Grid System –

A system used to locate places on a map using coordinates.