11-Industrial Revolution & Imperialism

Industrialization

a rapid major change in an economy (as in England in the late 18th century) marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines

factors of production

the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required (land, labor, and capital)

Textile Industry

Industries primarily concerned with the design or manufacture of clothing as well as the distribution and use of textiles.

entrepreneur

a person who organizes, manages, and takes the risks of a business

urbanization

city building and the movement of people to cities

corporation

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

workshop

A room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired

Laissez faire

economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference, French for "let do", let people do as they please

capitalism

an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

socialism

The factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

communism

a way of organizing a society in which the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) and there is no privately owned property

Unions

a voluntary labor association in which the unions speak on behalf of the workers

strike

refuse to work

power loom

invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles

spinning mule

A machine powered by water that could spin many threads at one time.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher, father of Capitalism. Wrote The Wealth of Nations

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s. Began in Britain.

James Watt

Invented the steam engine

Reform Movement

Work to change society for the better. Focused on improving conditions for the poor, enslaved, imprisoned, women, and public education.

Assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Suffrage

the right to vote

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Benefiting from the Industrial Revolution improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products.

white mans burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Race for Africa

The competition between European nations to colonize African lands in search of natural resources and to create a larger market for goods.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

interchangable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules for the colonization of Africa

Marx and Engles

Authors of the Communist manifesto, Economic conditions determined the nature of everything in society. Class conflict will lead to a bourgeoisie revolution.

Fourier and Owen

Utopian socialists. Fourier (1772-1837) and Owen (1771-1858) wanted communities to be of an equitable society. They were to work together rather than as competitors, providing for all needs and educating children. Made many experimental societies under this model.

Queen Victoria

queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901 (1819-1901)