Explain what is meant by the terms 'determinism' and 'free will' (2)
* Determinism = all behaviour has a set of causes
* Free will = humans are free to choose their behaviour
Explain what is meant by the terms 'hard determinism' and 'soft' determinism' (5)
Determinism
* All behaviours have causes
Hard determinism
* These are internal/external events outside our control
* Free will is an illusion.
Soft determinism
* Some internal mental process are within our control
* This gives us free will
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Explain what is meant by the terms 'determinism' and 'free will' (2)
* Determinism = all behaviour has a set of causes
* Free will = humans are free to choose their behaviour
Explain what is meant by the terms 'hard determinism' and 'soft' determinism' (5)
Determinism
* All behaviours have causes
Hard determinism
* These are internal/external events outside our control
* Free will is an illusion.
Soft determinism
* Some internal mental process are within our control
* This gives us free will
Identify at least 2 factors that are not within our control and restrict our free will, according to each of these types of determinism
(a) biological determinism
(b) environmental determinism
(c) psychic determinism
(3x2=6)
(a) biological: genes, hormones, neurotransmitters
(b) environmental: conditioning, reinforcement, trauma
(c) psychic: the unconscious, repressed memories, innate drives
Explain what is meant by the scientific emphasis on causal explanations (4)
* Scientific principle that everything has a cause entails determinism
* In experiments, all variables are controlled except for the IV
• Any change in the DV must therefore be due to / caused by the IV
• Use of control enables the researcher to infer causality/cause and effect
Explain why the humanistic approach is the 'odd one out' among the approaches in relation to these issues (4)
* Humanistic approach accepts existence of free will
* Rejects determinism: there are no scientific laws
* Rejects the scientific approach
* Cannot study humans as if they were objects