I&D 01/02: Free Will & Determinism (a) A01

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Explain what is meant by the terms 'determinism' and 'free will' (2)

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* Determinism = all behaviour has a set of causes

* Free will = humans are free to choose their behaviour

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Explain what is meant by the terms 'hard determinism' and 'soft' determinism' (5)

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<p>Determinism</p><p>* All behaviours have causes</p><p>Hard determinism</p><p>* These are internal/external events outside our control</p><p>* Free will is an illusion.</p><p>Soft determinism</p><p>* Some internal mental process are within our control</p><p>* This gives us free will</p>

Determinism

* All behaviours have causes

Hard determinism

* These are internal/external events outside our control

* Free will is an illusion.

Soft determinism

* Some internal mental process are within our control

* This gives us free will

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5 Terms

1
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Explain what is meant by the terms 'determinism' and 'free will' (2)

* Determinism = all behaviour has a set of causes

* Free will = humans are free to choose their behaviour

2
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Explain what is meant by the terms 'hard determinism' and 'soft' determinism' (5)

Determinism

* All behaviours have causes

Hard determinism

* These are internal/external events outside our control

* Free will is an illusion.

Soft determinism

* Some internal mental process are within our control

* This gives us free will

<p>Determinism</p><p>* All behaviours have causes</p><p>Hard determinism</p><p>* These are internal/external events outside our control</p><p>* Free will is an illusion.</p><p>Soft determinism</p><p>* Some internal mental process are within our control</p><p>* This gives us free will</p>
3
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Identify at least 2 factors that are not within our control and restrict our free will, according to each of these types of determinism

(a) biological determinism

(b) environmental determinism

(c) psychic determinism

(3x2=6)

(a) biological: genes, hormones, neurotransmitters

(b) environmental: conditioning, reinforcement, trauma

(c) psychic: the unconscious, repressed memories, innate drives

4
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Explain what is meant by the scientific emphasis on causal explanations (4)

* Scientific principle that everything has a cause entails determinism

* In experiments, all variables are controlled except for the IV

• Any change in the DV must therefore be due to / caused by the IV

• Use of control enables the researcher to infer causality/cause and effect

5
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Explain why the humanistic approach is the 'odd one out' among the approaches in relation to these issues (4)

* Humanistic approach accepts existence of free will

* Rejects determinism: there are no scientific laws

* Rejects the scientific approach

* Cannot study humans as if they were objects