Science Test Revision

Frontal Lobe

Emotions, reasoning, movement, problem solving

parietal lobe

perception of senses

Temporal

hearing, language, visual recognition

Occipital

Vision

What does the brain do?

Receives stimuli and responds accordingly, dictating the body

What does the spinal cord do?

reflex actions, carries messages from brain to body and messages from sensory neurons to brain

What is the peripheral nervous system?

All of the nerves not in the Central Nervous System (brain/spinal cord)

What does the somatic nervous system do?

Controls voluntary skeletal movements (waving, elbowing, nodding, etc)

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Controls involuntary skeletal movements (breathing, sweating, etc) and maintains homeostasis

Sensory Neuron

carries messages from a receptor to the central nervous system

Motor Neuron

carries a message from the central nervous system to the muscles

Interneuron

links sensory and motor Neurons, can only make connections with other Neurons

Dendrite

receives neurotransmitters from the other Neurons and carries the electrical information down the axon

Cell Body

Keeps and Neuron alive, contains necessary organelles

Axon

Carries electrical messages to the axon terminal

Myelin Sheath

A thin layer of fat/protein that covers the axon - makes for smoother/faster travel of neurotransmitters

Synaptic terminal

A small bulb at the end of a Neuron which passes neurotransmitters to the next Neuron

Reflex Action

Involuntary movement in response to stimuli. Reflex actions are used in survival situations

What happens to cause a reflex action?

Sensory neuron carries a message from receptor to spinal cord. Interneuron then sends two simultaneous messages to the brain and muscles. This means the muscle is moving at the same time the brain is receiving the message

Endocrine System

collection of glands that secrete hormones to maintain a stable internal environment

Hormones

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells

Target Cell

a cell that has a receptor for a specific hormone

The Pituitary Gland is known as?

The master gland because it controls the function of all the Endocrine glands in the body

Glands of the Endocrine System include:

Hypothalamus, Ovaries, Testes, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, Pineal Glands

The Endocrine system works...

Slower than the nervous system but usually has longer lasting effects

Homeostasis is?

the process in which the systems of the body respond to stimuli in order to keep a stable, internal environment

What is an example of Homeostasis?

When blood glucose levels are too high the Pancreas releases insulin into the blood to bring them back to a normal level

Infectious disease

A disease that can be spread from one organism to another - is caused by pathogens

Examples of infectious diseases

Measles, Influenza, Common Cold, Tuberculosis

Non-infectious disease

A disease that cannot be spread from one organism to another - not caused by pathogens

Examples of non-infectious diseases

Cancer, Diabetes, Macular Degeneration, Heart disease

Pathogen

an organism/infectious agent that is capable of causing disease

Examples of a Pathogen

Bacteria, Fungus, Virus

What does the First Line of Defence do?

Prevents Pathogens from entering the body - is a non-specific immune response

Tears

Wash away foreign particles and also contain lysosomes/other secretions

Cilia

Removes foreign particles from the airway

Skin surface

A physical barrier but also has glands that release antibacterial/anti-fungal chemicals

Where is mucous found?

the lining of digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

Mucous

Traps pathogens until they can be removed by coughing, sneezing, etc

Stomach acid

kills microbes before they reach the intestinal tract

The inflammatory response

reaction to damaged tissue. blood vessels around infected are receive more blood which causes clotting so pathogens can't circulate the body

Symptoms of the Inflammatory Response

pain, redness, heat, swelling

Phagocytosis

Bacteria enters the body and releases proteins, proteins alert white blood cells (macrophages) to its location. Kills bacteria by attaching themselves and entrapping the bacterium in a structure called a phagosome. Enzymes breaks bacterium down into pieces and it becomes harmless.

Third Line of Defence

Lymphatic System, a specific immune response that produces lymphocytes (B Cells and T Cells)

B Cells

Produce antibodies that bind onto specific pathogens

T Cells

Recognise specific pathogen and kill it which can take a week to occur.

Immunity

When antibodies are stored as memory cells so the body can kill the pathogen before it can make an organism sick

Atomic Number

Number of Protons (which is also equal to the number of electrons)

Electrons have:

negative charge, next to no mass and move in electron shells

Valence is

The number of electrons in the outermost shell

Electron shell maximum

2, 8, up to calcium - 8 and above calcium - 18, 32

Groups

In columns and dictate the number of valence electrons

Periods

In rows and dictate number of electron shells

Metal Properties

lustrous, good conductor, malleable, ductile, very reactive

Both Alkali Metals (Group 1) and Alkaline Earth metals
(Group 2) have mostly the same properties:

low melting point, soft, highly reactive, down the group - becomes more reactive, react strongly with water

Non-metal Properties

Non-ductile, bad conductors, brittle, dull appearance, large range of melting/boiling points, only 18 elements.

Metalloids

Have both metal and non-metal properties, conduct electricity well but otherwise have more non-metal properties

Halogens (Group 17)

7 valence electrons, capacity to react with metal to form salt. Down the group - melting/boiling points increase and there is less reactivity. Can have lethal affects on bacteria/fungi so used in cleaning supplies

Noble Gases (Group 18)

8 valence electrons except helium, gases at room temperature, un-reactive

Atomic Mass

the number of neutrons and protons

Electron configuration

Arrangement of electrons in orbital electron shells