[10] Burn Ointment & [11] Analgesic Ointment

The word ointment comes from the Latin word “Ungere” which means

anoint with oil

OINTMENT

• Semi-solid preparation for external use.

OINTMENT

• Easily spread;

• their plastic viscosity may be controlled by modification of the formulation.

OINTMENT

• Drug ingredients can be __ in the ointment.

dissolved, emulsified or suspended

COMPONENTS OF OINTMENTS

1. Active Ingredient

2. Ointment Base

COMPONENTS OF OINTMENTS

• Colorants, flavorants, and preservatives

• are NOT usually added.

COMPONENTS OF OINTMENTS

• No flavorants because

• it is a topical preparation.

COMPONENTS OF OINTMENTS

• No colorants,

• color usually follows that of the active ingredient or ointment base.

Ointments are typically used as:

• emollient

• protective barrier

• vehicles

EMOLLIENT

Used to make skin pliable, smoother, and not be dry

PROTECTIVE BARRIER

Prevent harmful substances from coming in contact with the skin

VEHICLES

• white ointment

Usually prepared to prepare another ointment (Sulfur and Zinc Oxide Ointment)

TYPES OF OINTMENTS

• medicated ointments

• unmedicated ointments 

MEDICATED OINTMENTS

• These ointments contain drugs which show local or systemic effects

• With pharmacological activity

MEDICATED OINTMENTS

• example

Nitroglycerin ointment

SUBTYPES OF MEDICATED OINTMENTS

• dermatologic ointment (epidermic, endodermic, diadermic) 

• ophthalmic ointment

• rectal ointment

• vaginal 

• nasal 

UNMEDICATED OINTMENTS (NONMEDICATED)

• These ointments do not contain any drugs / active ingredients

• They are useful as emollients, protectants.

UNMEDICATED OINTMENTS (NONMEDICATED)

• example

• Petroleum jelly

ADVANTAGES OF OINTMENTS

• Handling of ointment is easier than bulky liquid dosage forms

• They are chemically more stable than liquid dosage form

• They prolong the contact time between the drug and affected area

• They are suitable for patients who find it difficult to take the drugs by parenteral and oral

• Given topically, spread on the skin

DISADVANTAGES OF OINTMENT

• They are bulkier than solid dosage forms

• When application of an exact quantity of ointment to the affected area is required, it is difficult to determine the same.

• They are less stable than solid dosage form

5 CLASSES OR TYPES OF OINTMENT BASES

• PHYSICAL COMPOSITION

1. Oleaginous bases 

2. Absorption bases 

3. Water in oil emulsion bases

4. Oil in water emulsion bases

5. Water soluble or water-miscible bases

Oleaginous bases 

• characteristics 

• Anhydrous. water-insoluble

• Can NOT absorb or contain water

• Non-water washable

• Greasy ointment base

Oleaginous bases 

• use

Mainly used as emollient and occlusive

Oleaginous bases 

• sources

from animal or vegetable

Oleaginous bases also has _

moisturizing effect

Oleaginous bases 

examples

• Petrolatum

• Synthetic esters 

  • Glyceryl monostearate

  • Isopropyl palmitate

• Long-acting alcohols 

  • Cetyl alcohol

  • Steryl alcohol 

  • PEG

• Lanolin derivatives (NOT “Lanolin” only)

  • Lanolin oil 

  • Hydrogenated oil

ABSORPTION BASES

characteristics

• Anhydrous, water-insoluble

• CAN absorb water

• Non-water washable

• Greasy

ABSORPTION BASES

use 

• Used as emollient and occlusive 

• Commonly used as ointment base for antibiotics

ABSORPTION BASES

• permit the _

• inclusion of water-soluble medicament through prior solution and uptake of the solution as the internal phase

  • Because it CAN absorb water

ABSORPTION BASES

• examples

• Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)

• Hydrophilic Petrolatum

WATER IN OIL EMULSION

characteristics 

• Water-insoluble

• CAN absorb water because of their aqueous internal phase

• Non-water washable

• Greasy ointment base “more oil vs water”

WATER IN OIL EMULSION

examples 

• Hydrous wool fat / Lanolin

• Cold Cream AKA Petrolatum Rosewater Ointment

OIL IN WATER EMULSION

characteristics

• Water-insoluble

• CAN absorb water in their aqueous external phase

• Water washable 

• Non-greasy “more water vs oil”

• Non-occlusive

• Can be diluted with water

OIL IN WATER EMULSION

examples

vanishing cream

WATER SOLUBLE / WASHABLE EMULSION

characteristics

• Anhydrous, or may contain some water

• Water-washable

• Absorb water to the point of solubility

WATER SOLUBLE / WASHABLE EMULSION

examples 

• PEG ointment

• Propylene glycol and propylene glycol-ethanol

Propylene glycol and propylene glycol-ethanol 

• Commonly used as dermatological vehicle for ointment preparation

• Colorless ointment base

BASIS / FACTORS FOR THE SELECTION OF OINTMENT BASE

• compatibility with the active ingredient

• patient factor

Compatibility with the active ingredient 

• Necessary as it affects the desired drug release rate.

• May also influence the drug consistency and other features of the ointment bases

Patient Factor

• Identify the patient’s skin allergies (like wool fat allergy)

• If the affected area is dry or weeping or oozing.

METHODS OF PREPARATION

• mechanical incorporation

• fusion method

MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

• levigation

MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

• Levigation

• Triturate powder until it forms a smooth paste with the aid of a levigating agent

• Then add successively the ointment base

• The ointment is put in the container using a spatula:

  • Scrape the mortar and pestle and paste them into the container

MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

• Levigation- If adding an insoluble substance:

insoluble substance must be powdered finely → mix with an equal amount of base until a smooth base is formed. 

• Ex. Adding Iodine (reactive to steel, use rubber spatula)

MECHANICAL INCORPORATION

• Levigation- If adding an water-soluble substance:

• Dissolve with water first → levigate

FUSION METHOD

• Waxes, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate

• Volatile materials (e.g., menthol, camphor, iodine, alcohol, perfumes) 40°C or less

FUSION METHOD

steps 

• All water-soluble substances must be dissolved in water

• All oil-soluble substances must be dissolved in oil

• Heat them at the same temperature

• Mix them together either in: 

  • Oil in water 

  • Water in oil 

Oil in water 

• Oil is dissolved in water

Water in oil 

• Water is dissolved in oil

FUSION METHOD

• What if all your substances are only oil-soluble (no water-soluble)?

• Highest melting point is melted first

• All other oil-soluble ingredients are then added in decreasing order of their melting point

PACKAGING MATERIALS

• jar 

• tubes

jar

• Made up of plastic, glass, metal

• Colored, opaque, amber

TUBES

Made up of tin, aluminum, plastic

TUBES

• coated with epoxy film 

• To prevent metal ion catalyzed in stability

• Prevent discoloration

TUBES

• collapsible tube 

• Easy to use

• Lesser surface exposed, lesser contamination

TUBES

• coated with epoxy film: example

tin

TUBES

• collapsible tube 

plastic 

When the skin or other parts of the body come in contact with excessive heat,

the person suffers a burn

The injury is called scald if

the source of heat is wet.

CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS

• first degree

• second degree

• third degree

FIRST DEGREE

• Affects only the epidermis

• Has swelling, redness, pain, swelling

SECOND DEGREE

• Affects both epidermis and dermis

• Molted skin, redness swelling, blister, peeling, and severe pain

THIRD DEGREE

• until the bone

• Can cause death due to shock, internal damages, and infection

COMPLICATIONS OF BURNS

• Shocks

• Patient is subject to

  • bacterial infection

  • internal damage

  • death

HOW TO USE BURN OINTMENT FOR FIRST AID

1. Remove the source of heat before you go to the emergency.

2. Apply burn ointment.- If not available, use ICE PACK (not toothpaste)

BURN OINTMENT

• pharmaceutical category 

for burns

BURN OINTMENT

• chlorobutanol

• eucalyptus oil 

• zinc oxide 

• bismuth subnitrate

• white petrolatum 

• wool fat

• purified water 

BURN OINTMENT

• API

• chlorobutanol

• eucalyptus oil 

• zinc oxide 

• bismuth subnitrate

BURN OINTMENT

• ointment base (oleaginous) 

white petrolatum

BURN OINTMENT

• ointment base (absorption) 

wool fat 

Active ingredients arranged in

decreasing pharmacologic activity

Chlorobutanol

- used as a antiseptic, local anesthetic, antibacterial, and germicidal

Zinc oxide

- astringent, protective and antiseptic

Eucalyptus oil

- antiseptic

Bismuth subnitrate

- protective and adsorbent

BURN OINTMENT

• Manufacturing procedure

1. Melt at 60^oC, White petrolatum and wool fat.

2. Heat purified water to 50^oC and add zinc oxide and bismuth subnitrate. (done in another container)

3. In another container, dissolve chlorobutanol in eucalyptus oil.

4. Add the zinc oxide and bismuth subnitrate solution to the melted waxes. (active solution)

   • Water-soluble substances are zinc oxide, chlorobutanol, and bismuth subnitrate.

     • Triturate and dissolve each one at a time.

5. Cool to 40^oC.

   • We cool it down because we will be adding a volatile substance (eucalyptus oil)

6. Add chlorobutanol–eucalyptus oil mixture to the cooled preparation.

   • These are volatile substances

7. Stir. Congeal.

   • Let it congeal in your target container 

8. Pack.

   • Container should be tared already so that when we pour, we can weight it again.

   • Determine the empty weight of the container and weight afterwards once filled

   • You need to bring glassine paper and put it in between the lid and the substance

LABELLING REQUIREMENTS:

• Generic name in decreasing pharmacologic activity 

• RECALL (liquid): 1 teaspoon in each 5 mL contain…

• Ointment or creams’ formulation state, “in each gram of the ointment” contains the following …

• Dosage strength: x mg/ x mg/ x mg or % / %/ % based on the ingredients

BURN OINTMENT

• method of preparation

fusion method

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• indications

muscle and joint aches, rheumatism

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• Mechanism

 sensation of coolness,  slightly prickly, and burning sensation

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• pharmaceutical category 

for pain relief

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

raw materials

• menthol 

• camphor

• methyl salicylate 

• wool fat 

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• menthol

cooling sensation 

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• camphor

burning and prickly sensation

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• methyl salicylate

API

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• wool fat 

ointment base (absorption)

methyl salicylate density

1.180 g/ml

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• manufacturing procedure 

1. riturate menthol and camphor

   • Both crystals as such, when you triturate they remain crystal so to achieve powderized form— you triturate using a alcohol (pulverization by intervention). Eventually, ethanol evaporates leaving behind the powderized menthol and camphor

2. Add methyl salicylate

3. Add wool fat in portion until homogenous mixture is attained (wool fat is soluble in water)

4. Pack

ANALGESIC OINTMENT

• method of preparation

mechanical incorporation