BIOL122 - Pharmacology & Pathology Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, Lifespan Pharmacology, Adverse Drug Reactions, and Introductory Pathology concepts.

Pharmacokinetics

The processes that determine what happens to a drug in the body, summarized by the acronym ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination.

Absorption

The passage of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream.

Distribution

The movement of unmetabolised drug through the blood and tissues.

Albumin

A plasma protein that some drugs bind to while circulating; reduced levels lead to a higher concentration of free drug.

Metabolism

The modification or transformation of drugs within the body, primarily occurring in the liver.

First-pass metabolism

A process where oral medications enter hepatic portal circulation and travel to the liver, being transformed before reaching systemic circulation.

Elimination

The irreversible loss of a drug from the body, occurring through several routes such as the liver or kidneys.

Bioavailability

The rate at which an administered drug reaches systemic circulation or its specific area of effect.

Intravenous (IV) administration

A route of administration that results in $100\%$ bioavailability because the entire dose enters systemic circulation directly.

Hydrophilic drugs

Water-soluble medications that distribute through fluid volumes; their concentration may decrease when blood volume increases.

Lipophilic drugs

Lipid-soluble medications that distribute into fat stores; their concentration may decrease when total body adipose tissue increases.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A measure of kidney function that increases by approximately $50\%$ during pregnancy and declines by approximately $1\%$ per year after age $40$.

Adverse drug reaction (ADR)

An unwanted, noxious effect caused by the drug itself; this term replaces the outdated term side effect.

Adverse drug event (ADE)

An unwanted effect associated with an error in medication administration, such as the wrong dose, route, or drug.

Type A - Augmented ADR

A predictable, dose-dependent reaction that represents an exaggerated effect of the drug and is generally mild.

Type B - Bizarre ADR

An unpredictable, non-dose-dependent reaction not related to the normal effect of the drug, which may be severe or fatal.

Type C - Continuous/Chronic ADR

Adverse effects associated with long-term medication use, involving concepts like tolerance and dependence.

Type D - Delayed ADR

An adverse effect that does not become apparent until well after the medication has been stopped.

Pharmacodynamic interaction

A drug-drug interaction where one drug blocks or enhances the action of another drug.

Pharmacokinetic interaction

A drug-drug interaction where one drug changes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug.

Pathology

The study of changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

Aetiology

The cause or origin of a disease.

Pathogenesis

The mechanisms and processes through which a disease develops.

Morphological changes

Structural changes that occur in cells, tissues, and organs as a result of disease.

Clinical manifestations

How a disease presents clinically, encompassing both signs and symptoms.

Sign

An objective finding in a clinical presentation that can be observed or measured by another person.

Symptom

A subjective experience reported by the patient during a clinical presentation.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of individual cells without the production of new cells.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the size of a tissue or organ caused by an increase in the number of cells.

Atrophy

A reduction in the size of a tissue or organ caused by a decrease in both cell size and number.

Metaplasia

A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type.