Ag- Repro Phys Exam 1

The layer in contact with the lumen in the uterus is called the

Endometrium

Transrectal palpation can be used to detect ________ in cows.

Corpus Luteum

The broad ligament holding the uterus is termed the

Mesometrium

The pig has a uterus classified as

Bicornuate

The _________ of the ovary contains the vasculature.

Medulla

The final stage of a follicle during folliculogenesis is termed the _________ stage.

antral

True or False: The two types of theca cells are separated by a basement membrane?

False

True or False: During ovulation the cervical mucous thins to aid in sperm entry?

True

True or False: The cervix blocks sperm entry in the mare.

False

The region of the uterine tube closest to the ovary is called the

Infundibulum

True or False: Caruncles are a unique feature on the interior of the ruminant uterus?

True

The event that occurs on day 1 of the estrous cycle

ovulation

The hormone that is released by the hypothalamus after it is signaled by the dominant follicle

GnRH

The tissue that GnRH signals to

anterior pituitary gland

The hormone released from the anterior pituitary at surge levels after being signaled by GnRH

LH(Luteinizing hormone)

The event that occurs after the surge of LH from the anterior pituitary gland

ovulation

The hormone that causes a heifer to be receptive to a bull

estrogen

The hormone made by the CL (corpus luteum)

progesterone

The hormone that "kills" the CL(corpus luteum)

Prostaglandin F2a

The three hormones produced in the brain

GnRH, FSH, & LH

The three hormones produced in the reproductive tract

estrogen, progesterone, & PGF2a

The structure that Estrogen comes from when a female displays receptive behavior

dominant(tertiary) follicle

The hormone producing structure an ovulated follicle becomes

CL (corpus luteum)

Name 2 permanent critical structures for reproduction 

hypothalamus, pituitary, & gonads

The tissue that signals to the CL that there is no embryo (leading to luteolysis)

uterus(endometrium)

Name 2 transient structures critical for reproduction 

follicles, CL(corpus luteum), placenta

The name for the process of the regression of the CL

luteolysis

Progesterone does this to the hypothalamus

negatively inhibits GnRH

This happens to progesterone following luteolysis of the CL

decreases

The negative inhibition of GnRH does what to the release of LH from the pituitary

negatively inhibits

This structure that can only be present on the ovary following luteolysis of the CL

new dominant follicle

On day 0 of the estrous cycle, would you expect a female to be receptive to a male

yes

The average length of the estrous cycle for most livestock 

~21 days

The phase that occurs on Day 0 of the estrous cycle, often associated with changes in behavior 

onset of estrus

Which comes first: Ovulation or Estrus?

Estrus

When GnRH & LH are negatively inhibited, can you have another dominant follicle ovulating at this time?

no

What structure do spermatids develop in?

Seminiferous tubules

In a cold environment the cremaster muscle is likely to

Contract

cells are located in the interstitial space within the testes.

Leydig

The boar has a penis classified as?

Fibroelastic

An erection is caused by blockage of venous drainage by the _________ muscle.

Ischiocavernosus

The cell most like theca cells in the male system is the _________ cells.

Leydig

The tunica dartos muscle is a type of _________ muscle.

Smooth

Sperm are stored in the _________ of the epididymis.

Tail

true or false: Testosterone stimulates FSH production?

False

true or false: The epididymal duct system is a type of excurrent duct system.

True

true or false: Boars do not have vesicular sex glands?

False

true or false: Sex glands depend on testosterone to develop.

true

Retroperitoneal

Behind the peritoneum,Hangs down into the abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity), and allows transrectal palpation

Rectal Palpation

Information on stage of estrous cycle, Corpus luteum (secretes progesterone), Pregnancy check,Ultrasound

Transcervical

Artificial Insemination, Embryo flushing, Embryo transfer

What is ultrasonography?

A technique that uses sound waves to create images of reproductive structures.

What produces the sound waves used in ultrasonography?

A linear transducer.

How does ultrasonography create an image?

Sound waves bounce back (echo) off tissues based on their density, creating an image.

How does water appear on an ultrasound?

Black, because sound waves travel easily through fluid.

What can ultrasonography be used to evaluate in the ovary?

The number, size, and status of follicles.

What are some reproductive uses of ultrasonography?

Evaluating follicles, detecting pregnancy, identifying twins, and determining fetal sex.

Duplex

two cervices

Bicornuate

Uterine horns

Simplex

No uterine horns

Tubular Components

Vagina, cervix, uterus, and oviducts

Lumen

Central fluid fills passageway. Allows the movement of sperm, eggs, embryos etc. Dynamic allowing expansion during pregnancy

What is the mucosa?

The first and innermost tissue layer lining the lumen of the reproductive tract.

Where is the mucosa located?

It is the thin innermost layer that directly lines the lumen.

What type of cells make up the mucosa?

Secretory epithelial cells, which are specialized depending on their location.

What is the mucosa directly in contact with during pregnancy?

The embryo.

Why is the mucosa important during pregnancy?

It plays a vital role in communication between the mother and developing offspring.

Does the mucosa have the same structure throughout the reproductive tract?

No. It is specialized based on the tissue type and location.

What type of cells are found in the oviduct mucosa?

Ciliated cells, which help move materials through the oviduct.

What type of cells are found in the posterior vagina?

Stratified squamous cells, which provide protection.

What is the function of the cervical mucosa?

It forms a thick mucus plug that seals the cervix and helps prevent passage into or out of the uterus.

Submucosa

Cooperates with the mucosa to work with it, Fibrous cellular matrix, Changing architecture, Framework for holding blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, Cell secretions direct local development

Muscularis: Two layers of smooth muscle

Inner circular layer and Outer longitudinal layer

Muscularis Function

Peristaltic contractions, Gamete transport (ova and sperm), Therefore down and up stream, Parturition, and Involution

Serosa

Thin outermost layer, Single layer of simple squamous cells, Essentially holds the whole show together, Therefore is key for structural integrity and form

Anatomy

livestock are generally similar anatomically. Major difference in cervix and uterine horn development (mono- and litter bearers)

The Broad Ligament

Holds the reproductive tract in place and Specialized segment of the abdominal wall

What does the broad ligament provide

Structure and attachment to body, Blood supply and lymph drainage, Nerve supply

what does a torn broad ligament mean

prolapse

Mesovarium

supports the ovary

Mesosalpinx

supports the oviduct (salpinx = trumpet shaped tube)

Mesometrium

supports the uterus (metra = womb)

The ovary Exocrine functions

Development and release of gametes (oocytes) and Folliculogenesis and ovulation (egg, ovum, oocyte)

The ovary endocrine functions

Synthesis and release of hormones. Ovarian Steroid hormones: Estrogen and progesterone

Cortex

Site of follicular growth, Estrogen production, Ovulation, Luteal growth, Progesterone production

Where is the site of folliculogenesis ?

the outer region of the cortex

Medulla

Dense connective tissue matrix. Usually inner most region, Blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

Hilus

Connective stalk and Conduit for blood, lymph, nerves

What is up with the Mare?

Different from other species. All the blood supply on the outside. Active cortex pocket extends down into the medulla on the inside with a fossa (opening). Ovulates into this center pocket and then is released through the fossa (termed ovulation fossa)

Primordial Follicle

Held in suspension until recruited into growing follicle pool. Can be held from birth (40+ years in humans). Oocyte with single layer of flattened cells. Immature follicle

What is follicle recruitment?

When a follicle is signaled to enter the growing pool and begin development

What is the initial stage of follicle development?

Grow or die — the follicle either continues developing or degenerates.

What does a primary follicle contain?

An oocyte surrounded by one layer of cuboidal cells

What happens when a follicle is recruited?

It enters the growing pool and begins follicular development.

Secondary Follicle

Oocyte with more than one layer of cells but no antrum, Zona pellucida forms, Protective barrier around the oocyte, Important for fertilization

Tertiary or Antral follicle

Follicle with a fluid filled antrum present and Fluid is termed follicular fluid

Graafian Follicle

Tertiary follicle that is ready to ovulate and Dominant follicle

Theca interna

Just outside of membrane, Receptors for stimulating hormones, and Intermediate steroid hormones

Theca externa

Loose connective tissue and Vascular network

Basement Membrane

Separates theca cells (outside) from granulosa cells (inside). No blood vessels penetrate the basement membrane