Cardiovascular and Blood

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

mycocardial infarction

heart attack

endocardium

smooth inner lining of the heart

Atria

the two upper chambers of the heart

interatrial septum

partition between the right and left atria

Ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart

interventricular septum

partition between the right and left ventricles

atrioventricular valves (AV Valves)

located between atria and ventricles,

Prevent backflow of blood into atria

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

bicuspid valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

chordae tendineae

"heart strings" are fibrous cords that connect to the papillary muscles,

prevent valves from flipping backward

semilunar valves

prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

aortic valve

heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

Thicker walls: atria or ventricles

ventricles

thicker walls of left ventricle

so that they can push blood out to entire body

Order of blood vessels

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Artery function

carry blood away from the heart

Artery structure

- Thick wall (high blood pressure/oxygenated blood)

- Narrow lumen

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

Arterioles

smallest arteries

Capillaries function

Serve as exchange vessels for nutrients, wastes, fluids (especially oxygen)

capillaries structure

Smallest blood vessels,

Thin, porous walls

Venules

small veins

veins structure

-they have a very wide lumen to maximize blood flow for more effective return

- thin wall (low blood pressure)

-valves to prevent back flow

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Pulse (heart rate)

measurement of beats per minute

average heart rate

70-80 bpm

Bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

Tachycardia

fast heart rate (over 100 bpm)

heart murmur

abnormal heart sounds produced by improper closing of valves

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

systolic pressure

(Max) Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles

diastolic pressure

(Min) Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions

normal blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

autorythmic

(self-exciting) able to contract rhythmically and independently

sinoatrial (SA) node

The pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium

atrioventricular (AV) node

located in the septal wall of the right atrium,

receives and DELAYS impulses from the SA node and transmits them to the AV bundle

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

located in the interventricular septum, passes impulses to the Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the muscles of right and left ventricles, conduct impulses causing them to contract

defibrillator

stops heart so SA node can regain control

Electricardiogram (ECG/EKG)

record of the electrical activity of the heart

P wave

atrial contraction (depolarization)

QRS complex

ventricular contraction (depolarization) and hides atrial relaxation (repolarization)

T wave

ventricular relaxation (repolarization)

Erythrocytes

red blood cells,

transport oxygen in hemoglobin,

flexible and biconcave

Anemia

a deficiency of red blood cells (iron in blood)

Leukocytes

white blood cells,

defend against infection and foreign substances

Leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

Platelets

thrombocytes, blood clotting

Plasma

Fluid portion of blood

Hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

3 main steps of hemostasis

1. Vascular spasms

2. Platelet plug formation

3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

blood vessel spasm

(vasospasm) smooth muscles in the blood vessels contract to reduce blood flow causing vasoconstriction - reduction in the blood vessels diameter

platelet plug formation

platelets stick together to exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming net

blood coagulation

formation of a blood clot,

most effective means of hemostasis

thrombus

stationary blood clot

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

stroke

when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted

pulmonary embolism

when pulmonary artery is blocked

blood types

A, B, AB, O

Type A blood genotype

IAIA or IAi

B type blood genotype

IBIB or IBi

AB type blood genotype

IAIB

O type blood genotype

ii

Blood antigens

Proteins found on the erythrocyte cell surface. Three antigens (A, B, and Rh) are used to differentiate blood groups.

Blood antibodies

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti- Rh proteins in blood