intro to cross sectional anatomy

Standardized position where the body is standing erect, facing the observer, with arms at sides, palms forward, and feet flat.

Anatomical position

lying down face up; right side of body is closest to the exam table, left side of body is raised towards the ceiling, toes pointed towards ceiling

right posterior oblique

lying down face down; left side of body is closest to the exam table, right side of body is raised toward the ceiling, toes pointed downward to right on exam table

left anterior oblique

The standard rule in medical imaging where all anatomical references are based on the side of the _____, not the observer.

Patient

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Sagittal plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) portions.

Coronal plane

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Axial plane (Transverse or Horizontal)

Plane that passes through the body at a diagonal angle to the transverse and sagittal axes.

Oblique plane

Directional term meaning toward the head end or the upper part of a structure.

Superior (Cephalad or Craniad)

Directional term meaning away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure.

Inferior (Caudad)

Directional term meaning toward or at the front of the body.

Anterior (Ventral)

Directional term meaning toward or at the backside of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Directional term meaning toward or at the midline of the body.

Medial

Directional term meaning away from the midline of the body or on the outer side.

Lateral

Directional term meaning between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Intermediate

Directional term meaning closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb.

Proximal

Directional term meaning farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment.

Distal

Directional term meaning toward or on the surface of the body.

Superficial

Directional term meaning away from the surface of the body or more internal.

Deep

Term describing something on the same side of the body.

Ipsilateral

Term describing something on the opposite side of the body.

Contralateral

Term meaning only one side of the body is involved.

Unilateral

Term meaning both sides of the body are involved.

Bilateral

Term pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity.

Parietal

Term pertaining to the inner layer covering an organ within a body cavity.

Visceral

The layer of peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal cavity wall.

Parietal peritoneum

The inner layer of peritoneum that directly covers the abdominal organs.

Visceral peritoneum

The line extending vertically through the middle of the sternum.

Midsternal line

The line extending from the thorax to the abdomen in the exact middle of the body.

Midline

Line running vertically along the side edge of the sternum.

Lateral sternal line

Vertical line located midway between the lateral sternal line and the mid-clavicular line.

Parasternal line

Vertical line running downward from the midpoint of the clavicle.

Mid-clavicular line

Horizontal abdominal plane at the level of the pylorus and the lower border of the L1 vertebra.

Transpyloric plane

Horizontal abdominal plane at the level of the iliac tubercles and the body of the L5 vertebra.

Transtubercular plane

Body cavity located posteriorly that includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Dorsal cavity

The largest body cavity, which includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Ventral cavity

The central portion of the thoracic cavity between the two lateral pleural cavities.

Mediastinum

The anatomical structure that physically separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Diaphragm

The imaginary line that marks the lower border of the abdominal cavity and the upper border of the pelvic cavity.

Pelvic inlet

Abdominal quadrant containing the gallbladder, the right kidney, and the right lobe of the liver.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Abdominal quadrant containing the spleen, the left kidney, and the fundus of the stomach.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Abdominal quadrant containing the appendix, cecum, and the right ovary/prostate.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Abdominal quadrant containing the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the left ovary/prostate.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

The intersection point of the midsagittal and transverse planes used to define the four abdominal quadrants.

Umbilicus

Upper right abdominal region located below the cartilage of the ribs.

Right Hypochondriac region

Upper middle abdominal region located 'upon' or above the stomach.

Epigastric region

Upper left abdominal region located below the rib cartilage.

Left Hypochondriac region

Middle right abdominal region.

Right Lumbar region

The central abdominal region surrounding the navel.

Umbilical region

Middle left abdominal region.

Left Lumbar region

Lower right abdominal region, also known as the inguinal region.

Right Iliac region

Lower middle abdominal region located below the stomach.

Hypogastric region

Lower left abdominal region, also known as the inguinal region.

Left Iliac region

Specific organ located in the Epigastric region, specifically its body and upper head portion.

Pancreas

Specific organ primarily found in the Left Hypochondriac region.

Spleen

The region containing the urinary bladder and the uterus or prostate.

Hypogastric region

The region containing the ascending colon and the lower portion of the right kidney.

Right Lumbar region

Body position where the patient is lying on their back, face upwards.

Supine

Body position where the patient is lying face down.

Prone

General term for a position where the patient is lying down on their side.

Decubitus

Lying on the back with the left side of the body touching the table and the right side raised. Toes are pointed towards ceiling

Left Posterior Oblique (LPO)

Lying face down with the right side of the body touching the table and the left side raised. Toes are pointed downward to right on exam table

Right Anterior Oblique (RAO)

The rule for viewing a sagittal plane image is from the _____ side of the patient.

Right

The rule for viewing a transverse plane image is from the _____ aspect of the patient.

Caudal (feet)

In a sagittal scan, the viewer's left side of the image represents the patient's _____.

Head (Cephalad)

In a sagittal scan, the viewer's right side of the image represents the patient's _____.

Feet (Caudad)

In a transverse ultrasound scan, the right side of the image corresponds to the patient's _____ side.

Left

Anatomical directions seen in a Right Coronal Plane scan, when viewed from the posterior aspect.

Medial, lateral, cephalad, and caudad

Vertebral level associated with the jugular notch.

$T2$-$T3$

Vertebral level associated with the sternal angle.

$T4$-$T5$

Vertebral level associated with the xiphoid process.

$T9$-$T10$

Vertebral level associated with the iliac crest and aorta bifurcation

L4-L5

Vertebral level associated with the thyroid cartilage/thyroid

C5

Landmark term for the 'top of ear attachment'.

TEA

Landmark term for the angle of the mandible.

Gonion

A plane across or through the long axis of the body.

Transaxial plane

Term for a real or imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a part.

Axis

When a structure inside the body is viewed in the transverse plane, its cross-sectional shape is typically _____.

Round (circular)

When a tube-like structure (like a pencil) is viewed in a sagittal or coronal plane, it appears as a _____.

Tube

In ultrasound, the specific shape of the image produced by the transducer is described as a _____.

Wedge

The standard approach for placing an ultrasound transducer to view the transverse or sagittal plane of the abdomen.

Anterior approach

In a Right Coronal ultrasound scan, the transducer is placed on the _____ side of the patient.

Right

The rule for viewing a Left Coronal Plane image is from the _____ side of the body.

Anterior

The rule for viewing a Right Coronal Plane image is from the _____ side of the body.

Posterior