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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The study of the structure and function of the body.

apart

Ana means

"to cut"

Tomy means

ANATOMY

The scientific discipline that investigates the STRUCTURE of the body

Systemic Anatomy

• Anatomy- by SySTEM.

Regional Anatomy

•  Anatomy- by AREAS

Surface Anatomy

• Anatomy- external features

Anatomical Imaging

• involves the use of X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, etc.

PHYSIOLOGY

The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or FUNCTIONS of living things

1. To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli

2. To understand how the body part works

THE MAJOR GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY

1. CHEMICAL LEVEL

• simplest level of the structural ladder

• includes atoms and molecules

 Ex: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Glucose

2. CELLULAR LEVEL

basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.

CYTOLOGY

•  study of the microscopic appearance of cell

TISSUE LEVEL

group of cell that perform the same function

Epithelial Tissue

covers body surface; lines hollow organs and cavities and forms glands.

connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissue

Connective Tissue

4. ORGAN LEVEL

composed of two or more tissues that perform the same function

Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain, Skin, Bones, Lungs

PERISTALSIS

• movement of gastrointestinal organs

5. SYSTEM LEVEL

consists of related organs with a common function

Ex: Digestive System- breaks down and absorbs food  mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small inestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

6. ORGANISM LEVEL

any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as bacterium, or of trillion of cells, such as human.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities

• detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interpret changes, and respond.

• A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual

• functions. 

• Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food

• absorb nutrients

• eliminates solid wastes

• Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• heart pumps blood through vessels

• blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes 

• leps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluid

• Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; 

• Plays a role in the immune response and the

• regulation of body temperature. 

• Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• transferred oxygen and carbon dioxide

• helps regulate acid-base

• balance of body fluids

• air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound.

• Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; 

• produces milk for the newborn;

•  produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.

• Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.

• Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

URINARY SYSTEM

• produce, store and eliminate wastes

• eliminate wastes and

• regulates volume and chemical composition of blood

• maintain body's mineral balance

• helps regulate production of red blood cells

• ERYTHROPOETIN

• Removes waste products from the blood and

• regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water

• balance. 

• consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• returns proteins and fluid to blood

• carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood

•  contains sites of maturation and poliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

• Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph,

• combats disease

• Maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fat from the digestive tract. 

• Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

• supports and protects body

• provides surface area for muscle attachment

• aids body movements

• houses cells that produce blood cells (flat bones)

• store minerals and lipids (fats) (long bones)

• Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• participates in body movements

• maintain posture

• produces heat

• Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• protects body

•  regulates body temperature

• eliminates some wastes

• helps make vitamin D

• detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold 

• store fat and provides insulation

• consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• regulates body system by releasing hormones

• A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. 

• Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

metabolism:

sum of all chemical and physical changes

sustaining an organism

- ability to acquire and use energy in support of

these changes

organization:

functional interrelationships between parts

RESPONSIVENESS

ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment

REPRODUCTION

• formation of new cell for tissue growth, repair or requirement

• production of new individual

GROWTH

 increase in body size; increase in the number of cells

development:

changes of an organism through time

differentiation

changes in cell structure and function from

generalized to specialized

homeostasis

maintenance of constant internal environment

variables:

measures of body properties that may

change in value

EX. body temperature blood glucose levels

heart rate blood cell counts

blood pressure respiratory rate