anaphy w1

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• The study of the structure and function of the body.

ANATOMY

• Ana means "apart" 

• Tomy means "to cut"

• The scientific discipline that investigates the STRUCTURE of the body

• Systemic Anatomy- by SySTEM.

• Regional Anatomy- by AREAS

• Surface Anatomy- external features

• Anatomical Imaging- involves the use of X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, etc.

PHYSIOLOGY

• The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or FUNCTIONS of living things

THE MAJOR GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY

1. To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli

2. To understand how the body part works

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTION ORGANIZATIONAL OF THE BODY

1. CHEMICAL LEVEL

• simplest level of the structural ladder

• includes atoms and molecules

 Ex: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Glucose

2. CELLULAR LEVEL

• basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.

• CYTOLOGY- study of the microscopic appearance of cell

Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell, Epithelial Cell

3. TISSUE LEVEL

• group of cell that perform the same function

•  4 TYPES OF TISSUE

1. Epithelial Tissue - covers body surface; lines hollow organs and cavities and forms glands.

 2. Connective Tissue - connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissue

3. Muscle Tissue - contracts to make body part move and generates heat

4. Nervous Tissue - carries information through nerve impulses

4. ORGAN LEVEL

• composed of two or more tissues that perform the same function

Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain, Skin, Bones, Lungs

• PERISTALSIS - movement of gastrointestinal organs

5. SYSTEM LEVEL

• consists of related organs with a common function

Ex: Digestive System- breaks down and absorbs food  mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small inestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

6. ORGANISM LEVEL

• any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as bacterium, or of trillion of cells, such as human.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BODY SYSTEMS

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities

• detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interpret changes, and respond.

• A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual

• functions. 

• Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food

• absorb nutrients

• eliminates solid wastes

• Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• heart pumps blood through vessels

• blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes 

• leps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluid

• Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; 

• Plays a role in the immune response and the

• regulation of body temperature. 

• Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• transferred oxygen and carbon dioxide

• helps regulate acid-base

• balance of body fluids

• air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound.

• Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocyte) that unite to form a new organism

• gonads also releases hormone that regulate reproduction and other body processes

• transport and store gametes

• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; 

• produces milk for the newborn;

•  produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.

• Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.

• MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.

• Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

URINARY SYSTEM

• produce, store and eliminate wastes

• eliminate wastes and

• regulates volume and chemical composition of blood

• maintain body's mineral balance

• helps regulate production of red blood cells

• ERYTHROPOETIN

• Removes waste products from the blood and

• regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water

• balance. 

• consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• returns proteins and fluid to blood

• carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood

•  contains sites of maturation and poliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

• Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph,

• combats disease

• Maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fat from the digestive tract. 

• Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

• supports and protects body

• provides surface area for muscle attachment

• aids body movements

• houses cells that produce blood cells (flat bones)

• store minerals and lipids (fats) (long bones)

• Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and ioints.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• participates in body movements

• maintain posture

• produces heat

• Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• protects body

•  regulates body temperature

• eliminates some wastes

• helps make vitamin D

• detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold 

• store fat and provides insulation

• consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• regulates body system by releasing hormones

• A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. 

• Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

1. METABOLISM

• ability to use energy

• Two Phases of Metabolism

1. CATABOLISM (catabol= throwing down; -ism= a condition) - breakdown of complex; produce energy)

2. ANABOLISM (anabol= raising up) - building up smaller to complex; uses energy

2. MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION

• refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform

3. REPRODUCTION

• formation of new cell for tissue growth, repair or requirement

• production of new individual

4. RESPONSIVENESS

• ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment

5. GROWTH

•  increase in body size; increase in the number of cells

6. DEVELOPMENT/ DIFFERENTIATION

• changes of an organism through time

•  DEVELOPMENT- growth but also involves differentiation

• DIFFERENTIATION- changes in cell structure and function from generalized

HOMEOSTASIS

• Homeo- sameness

• Stasis= stand still

• "The existence and maintenance of the balance"

• VARIABLE- factor being regulated

• SET VALUE POINT- normal range

COMPONENT OF HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM

• RECEPTOR- detects changes and signal the control center

• CONTROL CENTER- analyzes the information it receives and determine the appropriate response

• EFFECTOR- receives output and produce the response

FEEDBACK SYSTEM

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

• reverse a change in variable

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

• strengthen or reinforce a change

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

DIRECTIONAL TERMS