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overview of counseling
application of mental health, psychological, or human development principles, thought cognitive, affective, behavioral, or systematic intervention, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as a pathology
foundational principles (models) of counseling
wellness model of mental health
medical model
developmental perspective
challenges that are encountered throughout the developmental process
prevention and early intervention
counseling espouses a preferences for prevention rather mediation
empowerment of clients
counselor strive to assist clients in independent problem-solving
pre-1900s
counseling emerged in response to turbulent social conditions of the industrial revolution
1900-1909
Frank Parsons
“father of vocational counseling”
1910s
National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)
army alpha and army beta
1920s
development of psychometric tools
Vocational Interest Inventory
1930s
E.G. Williamson
first theory of counseling
1940s
WWII
Carl Rogers
1950s
creation of the APGA
1960s
community health centers act
group counseling became popular
1970s
counseling becomes separate from psychology
1980s
development of NBCC, CACREP, and CSI
1990s
AACD became head of ACA
2000s
focus on social justice, creativity, and unified professional counseling orientation
managed care providers
serve as gatekeepers and dictate what counseling services a client may receive
decreases in the number of sessions and reduced financial reimbursement for counselors
promotion of wellness
holistic wellness including physical, intellectual, social, psychological, emotional, and environmental aspects of living are now included as components of total wellness
computer managed counseling (CMC)
speeds up administrative tasks such as record keeping and notetaking which is generally accepted
computer assisted counseling (CAC)
counseling via the internet
advocacy
acting as advocates helps clients to challenge institution and social barriers that hinder optimal development
counselors are encouraged to be involved in legislation impacting the profession
successful counselors possess both…
knowledge (education, knowledge of self, etc.)
personality (ability to listen, empathy, genuineness)
practitioner-scientist model
knowledge of research methods
collect and use date
counseling versus other helping professions
counseling is the primary service rendered to clients
licensure
legal process whereby a state agency regulates aspects of the practice of counseling within the state
title acts
licensure law
state regulate the use of the title “counselor”, “professional counselor”, or “licensed counselor”
most states have licensing laws that could be considered title acts
practice acts
licensure law
states regulates who may practice activities generally known as counseling
licensure and certification are…
not the same thing
American Association for State Counseling Boards (AASCB)
facilitates communication between states with licensing laws and Licensure Portability
National Credential Registry
assists with licensure portability from state-to-state
group I and group II levels
certification
voluntary
process whereby an agency, which may be either gorvernmental or private, attests or affirms that an individual counselor has met the minimum qualifications established by the agency
National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)
primary certification organization for counselors
NCSC, CCMH, MAC
Association of Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)
Robert Stripling
counseling education standards began in the 1960s
CACREP
counsel for accreditation of counseling and related educational programs
sets national standards for master’s and doctoral level counselor preparation programs and specialty areas
benefits of belonging to a professional organization
provides info and resources for developing knowledge and skills (CEs)
networking and associate
advocacy and improvement of the profession
American Counseling Association (ACA)
primary professional organization of counselors
19 divisions
ethical standards…
help to reduce the amount of personal subjectivity a counselor must assume in making a decision
Kitchener’s ethical decision making model
autonomy: self-determination of the client
nonmaleficence: do no harm
beneficence: strive for promoting the health of clients
justice: equality and fairness for all clients
fidelity: responsibility and trust in counseling relationship
Miller and Davis’ seven-step model of ethical decision making
identify the problem
apply the ACA Code of Ethics
determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma
generate potential courses of action
consider the potential consequences of all options, choose a course of action
evaluate the selected course of action
implement the course of action
ACA 2014 sections
the counseling relationship
confidentiality and privacy
professional responsibilities
relationships with other professionals
evaluation, interpretation, and assessment
supervision, training, and teaching
research and publication
distance counseling, technology, and social media
resolving ethical issues
NBCC code of ethics sections (as of 2005)
general
counseling relationship
counselor supervision
measurement and evaluation
research and publication
consulting
private practice
certification examination
differences between laws and ethics
both based upon accepted norms, beliefs, values, and customs of society
laws generally more prescriptive and carry greater penalties for noncompliance
laws represent minimum standards of behavior necessitated by society
ethics are ideal behavior standards
ethics and law law may indeed conflict at times
law
precise codification of governing standards that are established to ensure legal and moral justice
types of laws
statutory
case (common(
regulatory
important issues
client welfare and informed consent
confidentiality and privileged communication
client records and subpoenas
competence and malpractice
boundary issues
counseling children
technology
