Exam 1 FAMM

homeostasis, biochem of the cell, proteins and their modifications and trafficking, histology, membrane structure and function, cell adhesions, cytoskeleton, DNA replication, DNA damage and repair, transcription translation, inheritence, enzymes, metabolism. BE READY 07/30 for peer instruction

Who is Walter Cannon?

coined the term homeostasis

homeo-:
-stasis:

homeo-: sameness
-stasis: standing still

Who is Claude Bernard?

introduced the concept of milieu interiéur (internal environment)

He observed that the volume and composition of the fluid are maintained constant, independent of the changes in the environment in which the animal lives.

What did Claude Bernard define the internal environment?

ECF (extracellular fluid)

what is the normal physiological set point for venous oxygen in the extracellular fluid?

normal: 40 mmHg

normal range: 35-45 mmHg

what is the normal physiological set point for CO2 in the extracellular fluid?

normal: 45 mmHg

normal range: 35-45 mmHg

what is the normal physiological set point for Na2+ in the extracellular fluid?

142 mmol/L

range: 138-146 mmol/L

what is the normal physiological set point for K+ in the extracellular fluid?

4.2 mmol/L

3.8-5.0 mmol/L

what is the normal physiological set point for Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid?

1.2 mmol/L

range: 1.0-1.4 mmol/L

what is the normal physiological set point for HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) in the extracellular fluid?

24 mmol/L

range: 24-32 mmol/L

what is the normal physiological set point for C6H12O6 (glucose) in the extracellular fluid?

90 mg/dL

range: 75-95 mg/dL

what is the normal physiological set point for body temp?

98.4 F

range 98-98.8 F

what is the normal physiological set point for pH in extracellular fluid?

7.4

range: 7.3-7.5

what is the “gain” in terms of negative feedback mechanisms

measure of degree to which the control system maintains constant conditions

Correction = Uncompensated Value – Compensated Value Error = Set Point – Compensated Value

the more negative the gain value is in negative feedback mechanisms, the __________ the gain

higher

how many cells are in the human body?

35-45 trillion

what AA is a “helix breaker” due to its rigid ring structure

proline is the AA best known for this

__________ beta sheets are generally more stable due to more direct H-bonding

antiparallel sheets are more __________

2^o of proteins are stabilized by _________ bonds

H-bonds stabilize this structure

tertiary structure (3^o) is stabilized by

• the hydrophobic effect

• ionic bonds

• Wan Der Waals forces

• sometimes disulfide bonds

quaternary structure (4^o) is stabilized by

• non-polar side chains

• H-bonds

• occasional ionic bond or salt bridges