bio u2

hydrogen bond

weak force of attraction between molecules

hydrophillic

substances that dissolve easily in water

hydrophobic

substances that don’t dissolve easily in water

cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

pH

measure of the concentration of (H⁺) ions

acidic

pH < 7

basic

pH > 7

macromolecules

large molecules that make up all the components of living cells

monomer

single building block for macromolecules

polymer

strand of monomers

carbohydrates

made up of C, H, & O; ring structures; short-term energy storage

monosaccharide

carbs monomer

starch

short-term energy storage in plants

glycogen

short-term energy storage in animals

cellulose

plant structure

lipids

made up of C, H, & O; long-term energy storage; body insulation; hydrophobic

triglycerides

long-term energy storage for plants & animals

saturated fats

solid at room temp, no double bonds between carbons

unsaturated fats

liquid at room temp; have double bonds between carbons

fatty acids

main lipid monomer

glycerol

secondary lipid monomer

phospholipids

lipid thats a key component of cell membranes

proteins

made of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S; enzymes, cell transport/structure, immune system

amino acid

protein monomer

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids

peptide bond

bond holding together amino acids

nucleic acid

made of C, H, O, N, & P; stores & transmits instructions for proteins

nucleotide

nucleic acid monomer

dehydration synthesis

joining monomers through removing a water molecule to create a covalent bond

hydrolysis

breaking down polymers by adding a molecule of water to break a bond

metabolism

all the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life

enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

activation energy

energy needed to start a chemical reaction

reactants

substances that change during chemical reaction

endergonic

reaction that absorbs energy

exergonic reaction

reaction that releases energy

catabolism

metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules; exergonic

anabolism

metabolic pathway that builds up molecules; endergonic

substrate

the reactant of enzymes

inhibitor

molecule that stops enzyme activity in living cells

competitive inhibitor

molecule that resembles an enzymes normal substrate and competes with it for the active site

allosteric inhibitor

molecule that binds to a part of the enzyme that isn’t the active site, but alters the shape of the active site