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Reactant
substance that is changed in a physical or chemical reaction.
Deposition
The change of state from gas to solid
atomic number
The number of protons an atom contains
Chemical symbol
one or two letters that represent an element
average atomic mass
The average mass of a typical atom of that element.
Period
a row of elements across the periodic table.
Group
a column of elements in the periodic table.
Subscript
Number of atoms
Superscript
The number of protons
1st energy level
can hold 2 electrons
2nd energy level
holds 8 electrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
number of neutrons formula
atomic mass - atomic number
Ion
A charged atom
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Diatomic molecule
The simplest molecular compound which has two atoms
Valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
Oscillation
an up-and-down or back-and-forth motion
Mechanical Waves
waves that move through matter
electromagnetic waves
Waves that move through vacuums
Amplitude
Height of a wave
Crest
Highest point of a wave
Trough
Lowest point of a wave
Wavelength
Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
Frequency
The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given unit of time
the smaller the wavelength the _______ the frequency
higher
wave speed formula
wavelength x frequency
Reflection
When a wave bounces off a surface
Refraction
The bending of waves as they travel through different mediums.
Diffraction
The bending of waves around a barrier or the spreading of waves past small openings.
infrared waves
heat waves
visible light
electromagnetic waves that you can see
ultraviolet waves
have frequencies slightly higher than visible light; can damage skin
x-rays
Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of ultraviolet rays
gamma rays
Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies; Harmful to humans and other living things
longitudinal wave
A sound wave which oscillates in the same direction as it moves.
Intensity of a sound wave
How much energy the sound wave carries past a certain area.
The larger the amplitude, the ____________ the intensity
higher
Pitch
Our perception of sound wave frequency
Rotation
The spinning of Earth on its axis
Revolution
The movement of an object around another object
Seasons
Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.
Solstices
The days that Earth is most tilted towards the sun.
Equinoxes
Sun rises precisely due east and sets precisely due west
Spring Equinox
Marks the beginning of Spring
Fall Equinox
Marks the beginning of fall
Moon
A natural satellite that revolves around a planet.
How many phases of the moon are there?
8 phases
Moon's first phase
New Moon
Moon's second phase
Crescent(waxing)
Moon's third phase
First Quarter
Moon's fourth phase
Gibbous(waxing)
Moon's fifth phase
Full Moon
Moon's sixth phase
Gibbous(waning)
Moon's seventh Phase
Third Quarter(Last Moon)
Moon's eighth phase
Crescent(waning)
lunar cycle
Which is 29.5 days, is how long it takes the moon to complete all eight phases.
solar eclipse
Happens when the moon is between the earth and the sun.
lunar eclipse
When the Earth's shadow falls on the moon
Tides
The regular rise and fall of ocean water levels.
Spring Tides
tides that have the greatest tidal range due to the alignment of the earth-moon-sun system
Neap tides
the tide with the least difference between consecutive low and high tides
Northern Hemisphere
the hemisphere north of the equator
Southern Hemisphere
the half of the Earth south of the equator
Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic building block of life(in structure and function)
Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (Cells divide to form new cells)
Organelle
The part of a cell which processes and and releases energy, destroys and digests materials and replicates genetic information.
Plant and Animal cell
Cell Membrane
A layer on the outside of the cell that holds the cell together.
Cell Wall
A tough and rigid outer layer that protects the cell and gives it shape.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Ribosomes
The protein-making factories in a cell.
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Nuclear membrane
A protective double membrane surrounding the nucleus that controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.
Nucleolus
A small structure found inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes and transports them to the cytoplasm.
Vacuoles
Temporary storage bubbles for the cell.
Lysosome
Like the cell's garbage and recycling facility. It has chemicals to break down food, cell waste, and foreign particles that enter the cell.
Chloroplast
Contain Chlorophyll, A green pigment that makes plants look green and also uses energy from the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose, a simple sugar.
Tissue
A bunch of different cells doing a similar job.
Organ
Tissues working together
Organ Systems
Organs working together
Cellular transport
the movement of materials into, out of, or within of a cell
Passive transport
The movement of things in and out of the cell without the use of energy
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Active Transport
Requires energy to move a substance into or out of a cell.
Cellular Metabolism
Includes all of the chemical reactions that allow a cell to survive.
Photosynthesis
The chemical reaction a plant carries out in order to produce energy from sunlight.
Photosynthesis chemical equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose in food reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the mitochondria.
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Fermentation
breaking down sugars to release energy in food without using oxygen.
Proteins
large molecules made from stringing amino acids together.
Enzymes
Are molecules that help a chemical reaction proceed.
Note 
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