NJSLA Science

Reactant

substance that is changed in a physical or chemical reaction.

Deposition

The change of state from gas to solid

atomic number

The number of protons an atom contains

Chemical symbol

one or two letters that represent an element

average atomic mass

The average mass of a typical atom of that element.

Period

a row of elements across the periodic table.

Group

a column of elements in the periodic table.

Subscript

Number of atoms

Superscript

The number of protons

1st energy level

can hold 2 electrons

2nd energy level

holds 8 electrons

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

number of neutrons formula

atomic mass - atomic number

Ion

A charged atom

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Diatomic molecule

The simplest molecular compound which has two atoms

Valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

Oscillation

an up-and-down or back-and-forth motion

Mechanical Waves

waves that move through matter

electromagnetic waves

Waves that move through vacuums

Amplitude

Height of a wave

Crest

Highest point of a wave

Trough

Lowest point of a wave

Wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

Frequency

The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given unit of time

the smaller the wavelength the \_______ the frequency

higher

wave speed formula

wavelength x frequency

Reflection

When a wave bounces off a surface

Refraction

The bending of waves as they travel through different mediums.

Diffraction

The bending of waves around a barrier or the spreading of waves past small openings.

infrared waves

heat waves

visible light

electromagnetic waves that you can see

ultraviolet waves

have frequencies slightly higher than visible light; can damage skin

x-rays

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of ultraviolet rays

gamma rays

Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies; Harmful to humans and other living things

longitudinal wave

A sound wave which oscillates in the same direction as it moves.

Intensity of a sound wave

How much energy the sound wave carries past a certain area.

The larger the amplitude, the \____________ the intensity

higher

Pitch

Our perception of sound wave frequency

Rotation

The spinning of Earth on its axis

Revolution

The movement of an object around another object

Seasons

Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.

Solstices

The days that Earth is most tilted towards the sun.

Equinoxes

Sun rises precisely due east and sets precisely due west

Spring Equinox

Marks the beginning of Spring

Fall Equinox

Marks the beginning of fall

Moon

A natural satellite that revolves around a planet.

How many phases of the moon are there?

8 phases

Moon's first phase

New Moon

Moon's second phase

Crescent(waxing)

Moon's third phase

First Quarter

Moon's fourth phase

Gibbous(waxing)

Moon's fifth phase

Full Moon

Moon's sixth phase

Gibbous(waning)

Moon's seventh Phase

Third Quarter(Last Moon)

Moon's eighth phase

Crescent(waning)

lunar cycle

Which is 29.5 days, is how long it takes the moon to complete all eight phases.

solar eclipse

Happens when the moon is between the earth and the sun.

lunar eclipse

When the Earth's shadow falls on the moon

Tides

The regular rise and fall of ocean water levels.

Spring Tides

tides that have the greatest tidal range due to the alignment of the earth-moon-sun system

Neap tides

the tide with the least difference between consecutive low and high tides

Northern Hemisphere

the hemisphere north of the equator

Southern Hemisphere

the half of the Earth south of the equator

Cell Theory

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic building block of life(in structure and function)

3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (Cells divide to form new cells)

Organelle

The part of a cell which processes and and releases energy, destroys and digests materials and replicates genetic information.

Plant and Animal cell

Cell Membrane

A layer on the outside of the cell that holds the cell together.

Cell Wall

A tough and rigid outer layer that protects the cell and gives it shape.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

Ribosomes

The protein-making factories in a cell.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Nuclear membrane

A protective double membrane surrounding the nucleus that controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Nucleolus

A small structure found inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes and transports them to the cytoplasm.

Vacuoles

Temporary storage bubbles for the cell.

Lysosome

Like the cell's garbage and recycling facility. It has chemicals to break down food, cell waste, and foreign particles that enter the cell.

Chloroplast

Contain Chlorophyll, A green pigment that makes plants look green and also uses energy from the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose, a simple sugar.

Tissue

A bunch of different cells doing a similar job.

Organ

Tissues working together

Organ Systems

Organs working together

Cellular transport

the movement of materials into, out of, or within of a cell

Passive transport

The movement of things in and out of the cell without the use of energy

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Active Transport

Requires energy to move a substance into or out of a cell.

Cellular Metabolism

Includes all of the chemical reactions that allow a cell to survive.

Photosynthesis

The chemical reaction a plant carries out in order to produce energy from sunlight.

Photosynthesis chemical equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration

Glucose in food reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the mitochondria.

Cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2\---\> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Fermentation

breaking down sugars to release energy in food without using oxygen.

Proteins

large molecules made from stringing amino acids together.

Enzymes

Are molecules that help a chemical reaction proceed.