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96 Terms
1
Reactant
substance that is changed in a physical or chemical reaction.
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Deposition
The change of state from gas to solid
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atomic number
The number of protons an atom contains
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Chemical symbol
one or two letters that represent an element
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average atomic mass
The average mass of a typical atom of that element.
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Period
a row of elements across the periodic table.
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Group
a column of elements in the periodic table.
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Subscript
Number of atoms
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Superscript
The number of protons
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1st energy level
can hold 2 electrons
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2nd energy level
holds 8 electrons
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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number of neutrons formula
atomic mass - atomic number
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Ion
A charged atom
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Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
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Diatomic molecule
The simplest molecular compound which has two atoms
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Valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
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ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
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Oscillation
an up-and-down or back-and-forth motion
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Mechanical Waves
waves that move through matter
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22
electromagnetic waves
Waves that move through vacuums
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Amplitude
Height of a wave
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Crest
Highest point of a wave
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Trough
Lowest point of a wave
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Wavelength
Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
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Frequency
The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given unit of time
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the smaller the wavelength the \_______ the frequency
higher
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wave speed formula
wavelength x frequency
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Reflection
When a wave bounces off a surface
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Refraction
The bending of waves as they travel through different mediums.
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Diffraction
The bending of waves around a barrier or the spreading of waves past small openings.
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infrared waves
heat waves
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visible light
electromagnetic waves that you can see
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ultraviolet waves
have frequencies slightly higher than visible light; can damage skin
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x-rays
Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of ultraviolet rays
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gamma rays
Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies; Harmful to humans and other living things
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longitudinal wave
A sound wave which oscillates in the same direction as it moves.
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Intensity of a sound wave
How much energy the sound wave carries past a certain area.
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The larger the amplitude, the \____________ the intensity
higher
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Pitch
Our perception of sound wave frequency
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42
Rotation
The spinning of Earth on its axis
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Revolution
The movement of an object around another object
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Seasons
Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.
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Solstices
The days that Earth is most tilted towards the sun.
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Equinoxes
Sun rises precisely due east and sets precisely due west
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Spring Equinox
Marks the beginning of Spring
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Fall Equinox
Marks the beginning of fall
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Moon
A natural satellite that revolves around a planet.
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How many phases of the moon are there?
8 phases
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Moon's first phase
New Moon
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Moon's second phase
Crescent(waxing)
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Moon's third phase
First Quarter
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Moon's fourth phase
Gibbous(waxing)
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Moon's fifth phase
Full Moon
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Moon's sixth phase
Gibbous(waning)
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Moon's seventh Phase
Third Quarter(Last Moon)
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Moon's eighth phase
Crescent(waning)
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lunar cycle
Which is 29.5 days, is how long it takes the moon to complete all eight phases.
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solar eclipse
Happens when the moon is between the earth and the sun.
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lunar eclipse
When the Earth's shadow falls on the moon
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Tides
The regular rise and fall of ocean water levels.
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Spring Tides
tides that have the greatest tidal range due to the alignment of the earth-moon-sun system
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Neap tides
the tide with the least difference between consecutive low and high tides
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Northern Hemisphere
the hemisphere north of the equator
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Southern Hemisphere
the half of the Earth south of the equator
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Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
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2. The cell is the basic building block of life(in structure and function)
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3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (Cells divide to form new cells)
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Organelle
The part of a cell which processes and and releases energy, destroys and digests materials and replicates genetic information.
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Plant and Animal cell
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Cell Membrane
A layer on the outside of the cell that holds the cell together.
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Cell Wall
A tough and rigid outer layer that protects the cell and gives it shape.
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Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
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Ribosomes
The protein-making factories in a cell.
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Nucleus
Control center of the cell
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Nuclear membrane
A protective double membrane surrounding the nucleus that controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.
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Nucleolus
A small structure found inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes and transports them to the cytoplasm.
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Vacuoles
Temporary storage bubbles for the cell.
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Lysosome
Like the cell's garbage and recycling facility. It has chemicals to break down food, cell waste, and foreign particles that enter the cell.
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Chloroplast
Contain Chlorophyll, A green pigment that makes plants look green and also uses energy from the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose, a simple sugar.
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Tissue
A bunch of different cells doing a similar job.
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Organ
Tissues working together
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Organ Systems
Organs working together
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Cellular transport
the movement of materials into, out of, or within of a cell
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Passive transport
The movement of things in and out of the cell without the use of energy
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Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
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Active Transport
Requires energy to move a substance into or out of a cell.
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Cellular Metabolism
Includes all of the chemical reactions that allow a cell to survive.
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Photosynthesis
The chemical reaction a plant carries out in order to produce energy from sunlight.
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Photosynthesis chemical equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Cellular Respiration
Glucose in food reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the mitochondria.
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Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2\---\> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
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Fermentation
breaking down sugars to release energy in food without using oxygen.
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Proteins
large molecules made from stringing amino acids together.
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Enzymes
Are molecules that help a chemical reaction proceed.
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