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When did Hitler join the Nazi party?
September 1919
When did Hitler replace Drexler as the leader of the Nazis?
July 1921
When did Hitler found the SA/Storm Troopers?
August 1921
What was the 25 point programme?
The Nazi’s manifesto announced in February 1920, containing policies which were Nationalist, Racist, Socialist and Anti-democratic
When was the Munich Putsch?
November 1923
What was the objective of the Munich Putsch?
The violent overthrow of the Weimar government to replace it with the Nazi government
During hyperinflation crisis
Why did Hitler think the Munich Putsch would be successful?
The Weimar government was unpopular in late autumn 1923
Hitler thought it was time to strike and that his collaborator, General Ludendorff would use his influence to persuade the army to support
Why was the Weimar government unpopular in 1923 autumn?
Stresemann ended the policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr angering many right wing supporters
Looked like they were giving into the French
Hyperinflation was at it’s height
Germany resumed reparations payments
Looked as if the government was tolerating left-wing state governments in Saxony and Thuringia
Events of the Munich Putsch
8th Nov- Hitler and 600 SA forced their way into a meeting between the Bavarian Prime Minister, Gustav Kahr and local businessmen
At gunpoint, Kahr was forced to announce he supported the revolution
Kahr went back on his promise the next day
Hitler staged a march through streets of Munich to gain public support
Armed police brought march to an end, 16 Nazis killed and Hitler dislocated his shoulder
Hitler and Ludendorff were arrested
Nazi restructured and switch to democratic methods rather than violence- kept its main 25 point programme principles
Reasons for failure of the Munich Putsch
Before the putsch, the government took decisive action to depose left-wing state governments in Saxony and Thuringia
Less support for uprising- no one to support the armed coup
Helped determine loyalty of leading Bavarian politicians
Ludendorff unable to use influence- army remained loyal to Weimar government
Nazi party was small- only 3,000 members
How did Hitler benefit from the Munich Putsch in 1923?
Mein Kampf
9 months in prison gave Hitler an opportunity to dictate Mein Kampf- bestselling account of his life and explanation of his political views
Emphasises superiority of Aryan or German race and dangers of communism
Provided him with income (much-needed)
Publicity
Hitler spread his political views by speaking at his trial.
His opinions were reported internationally in newspaper coverage
The trial gave Hitler a national reputation as a passionate and persuasive political leader
Persuading the judges
Hitler’s address in court swayed the judges, who gave him and his supporters lenient sentences- only served 5 years
what were the main Nazi policies in the 1920s?
F – Führer
Debate and democratic processes were weak
Strength lay in total loyalty to the leader (Fuhrer)
L – Lebensraum
The Nazis wanted to expand Germany’s borders, particularly into Eastern Europe, to accommodate a growing population
A – Anti-Semitism
Hitler had an irrational hatred of Jews and thought that only racially pure Aryans should be German citizens
V – Volksgemeinschaft (union of all German-speaking people)
Many German speaking people lived in countries surrounding Germany- e.g. Poland
Hitler wanted to create a Greater Germany containing all German speakers
O – Overturn the Treaty of Versailles
Unfair and humiliating
Took land, made Germany pay reparations and forbade Anschluss- (uniting of Germany and Austria into a Greater Germany.)
R – Replace the Weimar Republic
Nazis wanted to end democracy and the Weimar Republic- blamed for instability economically and politically
What business supported the Nazi party?
IG Farben- Chemical business
Supported them because of their fear of Communist threat
what was the role of Goebbels?
Head of Nazi propaganda and masterminded Nazi election campaigns in 1930s- controlled cinema, art & culture, and radio
During elections, organised Hitler’s speaking tours, radio broadcasting, Nazi party parades
what was the role of Goering?
Led the SA in the 1920s
1936, he became head of the Four Year Plan to prepare the German economy for war
Head of the Luftwaffe (Air forces part of rearmament programme) in the Second World War
what was the role of Himmler?
Head of the SS
He led the Gestapo secret police and managed the concentration camps
who was Ernst Röhm ?
Röhm became leader of the SA in 1930.
SA intimidated voters, attacked Jews and opposition politicians
Murdered in the ‘Night of the Long Knives’, 1934
how did the Nazis change their tactics in 1924-1929?
Local party organisations established across Germany
Hitler Youth + BDM to attract young members
Increased their membership from 3,000 to 100,000
Prepared to revise policies to achieve maximum popularity- except 2 keystone (Nationalism and Anti-Semitism)
Party activists were trained in public speaking
Munich Putsch failure persuaded Hitler that the best way to gain power= increasing the election success
why were the Nazis unsuccessful from 1924-1929?
Hitler was in prison and the Nazi Party was banned until 1925
Economic recovery under Weimar reduced support for extremist parties
Germany’s foreign relations improved after the Locarno Treaties (1925) were signed, joined LON (1926)
In the 1928 election, the Nazis won only 12 seats- they had limited influence in the Reichstag
Moderate parties such as the SPD. Catholic Centre Party (Z) and German Peoples Party (DDP) formed more stable coalition governments- less people willing to vote for extremist parties after recovery
what were the Nazi election results in 1920s?
MAY 1924- 6.5% of vote, 32 Reichstag seats
DECEMBER 1924- 3% of vote, 14 Reichstag seats
MAY 1928- 2.6% of vote, 12 Reichstag seats
what were the Nazi election results in 1930s?
SEPTEMBER 1930- 18.3% of vote, 107 Reichstag seats
JULY 1932- 37.3% of vote, 230 Reichstag seats
NOVEMBER 1932- 33.1% of vote, 196 seats
