f

classical realism

Humans are self-interested; power drives behavior

Examples for classical realism

Basis for structural realism, relative gains

realism

States act for self-interest and survival in an anarchic world

Examples for realism

Arms races, balance of power

structural realism

Power balancing in an anarchic system

Examples for structural realism

Cold War arms race

liberalism

Cooperation and democracy bring mutual benefit and peace

Examples for liberalism

UN, WTO, trade agreements

liberal world order

Post-WWII system promoting democracy and free trade

Examples for liberal world order

UN, IMF, WTO

complex interdependence

Global relations shaped by mutual reliance

Examples for complex interdependence

Climate change, supply chains

constructivism

State behavior shaped by identity, norms, and social ideas

Examples for constructivism

Racism, nationalism, cultural identity

Marxism

History defined by class struggle and economic conflict

Examples for Marxism

Soviet Union, Cuban Revolution

NeoMarxism

Global divide between rich and poor nations

Examples for NeoMarxism

U.S. vs Haiti, China vs Laos

Post Colonialism

Colonial history shapes modern power relations

Examples for Post Colonialism

British naming of “Middle East”

Feminist Theory

Critiques gender bias in power and global politics

Examples for Feminist Theory

Inequality in war and leadership

democratic peace theory

Democracies are less likely to go to war with each other

Examples for democratic peace theory

U.S., UK, France cooperation

structural power

Ability to shape systems, norms, and institutions globally

Examples for structural power

Liberal world order

cyber power

Using technology to influence or control others

Examples for cyber power

Hacking, propaganda, misinformation

smart power

Using both persuasion and force strategically

Examples for smart power

Diplomacy plus sanctions or aid

soft power

Persuasion through culture, values, or attraction

Examples for soft power

Hollywood, Nike, diplomacy

hard power

Achieving aims through coercion or force

Examples for hard power

Military strikes, economic sanctions

hegemon

A dominant power that leads or controls others

Examples for hegemon

U.S. after the Cold War

hegemony

Leadership or dominance by one group or state

Examples for hegemony

Western influence in global institutions

interdependence

Mutual reliance limiting unilateral action

Examples for interdependence

Global trade, energy dependency