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excretory system

removes waste from body to maintain homeostasis

endocrine system

regulates body functions through hormones which are released by glands

glands which system

in the endocrine system

pituitary (growth

thyroid (metabolism

adrenal (stress response

pancreas (blood sugar

hemeostasis in endocrine and excretory system

endocrine - maintains balance eg- bloodsugar levels with insulin/glucagon

excretory- maintains blood pH, electrolyte balance and fluid levels

excretory system structures

kidneys -filter blood

ureters- transport urine.

bladder -stores urine

urethra-excretes urine

excretory organs

lungs - remoce CO2

skin - sweat

liver- removes toxins

types of neurons

sensory neuron (carry signals to the CNS

motor neuron- carry signals to muscles

interneurons - connect neurons

blood in circulatory system

red blood- carry oxygen

white blood - fight infectin

plasma- transport nutrients (by carrying

platelets - clotting (prevnt blood loss)

neurons

transmit chemical and electrical signals

structure of neuron

cell body(contain nucleus)

dendrite (recieve signals)

axon (transmit signals)

respiratory system

facilitates gas exchange supplying oxygen to thr body and removing carbondioxide

gas exchange

oxygen diffuses into blood and carbondioxide diffuses out alveoli

noble gas

unreactive

valence shell is full

making them not inclined to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms.

how are ions formed

when an atom gain or lose electrons

how are ionic bonds formed

when atoms transfer electrons, occurs because one atom has a strong attraction for electros and the other easily loses them.

the resulting positive and negatively charged are held together by electrostatic forces

cation

a cation is a positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses one or more electrons

anion

an anion is a negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains one or more electrons

nonmetals

strong attraction for electrons

metals

easily loses electrons

summarize ionic bonding

when atoms transfer electrons

atoms become + and - ions

these ions now attract and become ionic bond

transcription

dna genetic code copied into messanger RNA for protein syrhesis

dna to dna

dna replication by which dna is copied before cell division so it passed to daughter cells

DNA VS RNA

dna to rna

basically transcription

producing rna from dna

mrna leaves neucleus to direst protein synthesis in ribosome

translation

mRNA genetic code is read at ribosomes to synthesize proteins mRNA codes for proteins

translation process

mRNA cotains codons read in groups of 3 bases this encoded for specific amino acids by the tRNA

trRNA has anticodon matches with mrna codon

transfer RNA bring amino acid matching each condon

amino acids link to form a protein (polypptide chain)

AUG codes for

methionine

base pairing

DNA to DNA: A–T, T–A, C–G, G–C.

DNA to RNA: A–U, T–A, C–G, G–C.

DNA has T, RNA has U.

which has Uracil which has Thymine

DNA have Thymine RNA have Uracil

conduction

heat transfer through particle fron touch

usualy solids

touch → transfer

convection

heat transfer through movement of fluid

warm fluid rise cool fluid sinks

radiation

heat travels as waves

enzymes

speed up chemical reactions in cells allowing them to occur more effeciently

acceleration

how quickly speed is changing

change in speed divided by the time taken

a = final velocity - initial v / time

momentum

p= m x v

weight

force due to gravity acting on object

w= m x g

g= 9.8meter per sec on earth

effort load and fulcrum

effort input force

load output force

fulcrum fixed point