Studied by 70 peopleState
a territory politically organized under a single government
How did the Song Dynasty maintain and justify their rule? (2 broad bullets)
Emphasis on Confucianism
Imperial Bureaucracy
Neo-Confucianism
New/ changed confucianism in song dynasty
sought to rid Confucian thought of Buddhist influence
Imperial Bureaucracy
Government entity arranged in a hierarchal fashion that carries out the will of the emperor
Civil Service Exam
taken in song china to get job in bureaucracy
Based on confucian classes, merit-based
in theory was open to all men, in reality you had to be rich enough to not work and devote yourself to studying for it
Main Ideas of Confucianism (2)
Society is hierarchal by nature, everything and everyone has its place
Filial Piety
Filial Piety
Emphasis on the necessity of children obeying their parents, grandparents, and ancestors
Mandate of Heavan
ruler's right to govern based on divine approval
What was life like for women in song china (2)
Stripped of legal rights
Endured social restrictions
Ex of legal rights of song china women
Widows couldn’t remarry, a woman’s property became her husbands’s
Ex of social restrictions of song china women
Limited access to education, foot binding
Foot binding
Status symbol of women in Song china
“a wife that can’t walk, can’t work”
Relationship between Song China , Korea, and Vietnam
Korea and Vietnam were vassal states, gave tribute to China
How did Song China influence korea
Korea used a similar civil service exam
How did Song China influence Japan
wasn’t a vassal state but their elite picked parts of Chinese society to adapt
Buddhism
Based on the 4 noble truths :
Life is suffering
We suffer because we crave
We cease suffering when we cease craving
The eightfold path leads to cessation of suffering and craving
Similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism
Cycle of rebirth/reincarnation
Ultimate goal to dissolve into the oneness of the universe (nirvana for buddhists)
Two new branches of Buddhism
Theravada and Mahayana
Theravada Buddhism
From Sri Lanka
Monks achieve nirvana alone and believed regular people were too occupied with the world for it
Mahayana Buddhism
From East Asia
Encouraged broader participation of Buddhist practices
Bodhisattvas
People who achieved nirvana
What helped Song China have such a strong economy (3)
Commercialization of Economy
Agricultural innovation
Transportation innovation
Song Dynasty Commercialization of economy
Manufacturers and artisans produced more goods than they consumed, sold excess to markets in China and Eurasia
Porcelain and Silk
Song Dynasty Agricultural Innovation
Champa rice
Song Dynasty Transportation innovations
Expansion of the grand canal, facilitated trade and communication among China’s various regions
Champa rice
From vietnam
Grew fast and could be harvested multiple times a year
Led to major population growth in China
Dar Al-Islam
Refers to all places where Islam was the organizing principle of civilization
Judaism
Ethnic religion of jews, based around teachings of the torah
Christianity
Established by Jewish Prophet jesus christ, focuses on teachings of the bible
Islam
Prophet Muhammad claimed to be the final prophet, believed salvation is found in selfless acts (alms, prayer, fasting)
Describe the condition of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1200
Its center of power was in Baghdad
Ethnically Arab
By 1200, losing power and fracturing
Describe the new islamic political entities that replaced the declining abbasid caliphate
Muslim empires now led by ethnic Turks
Seljuk empire
Delhi Sultanate
Mamaluk Sultanate
Describe the rise of the seljuk empire
Established in 11th century by Turkic pastoralists in central asia
Abbasids needed military help expanding and keeping their diverse people groups in line → brought in seljuk warriors→ they saw weaknesses in the regime and fought the Abbasid, then established their own empire
Did the seljuks end the Abbasid caliphate
No, the Mongols did
What practices in new Islamic empires were borrowed from previous empires
Military administered the states
Established sharia law (legal code based on quran)
Examples of intellectual innovations of Dar Al-Islam (3)
Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi
Preservation of ancient greek/roman texts
House of Wisdom
Nasir Al-Din Al-tusi
Muslim scholar who invented trigonometry
Preservation of ancient roman/greek texts
Muslim scholars preserved and commentated on them, ex Plato and Aristotle
House of Wisdom
Library in Baghdad with scholarly works, established under Abbasid Caliphate
Where was the center of scholarship and wealth at this time
Dar Al-Islam and Song China
Describe the expansion of the islamic world c. 1200-1450 (3)
Military Expansion
Muslim Merchants
Muslim Missionaries
Military expansion in the islamic world
Seljuk, Mamaluk, and Delhi all expanded militarily
Muslim Merchants as a way of expansion
Empire of Mali gradually converted to Islam due to trade among Dar Al-Islam
Muslim Missionaries as a way of expansion
Sufi missionaries - mystical, open to adaptation to local cultures made it easier to spread
Much of the conversion to Islam in south Asia was due to sufi missionaries
What religions can be found in South Asia
Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam
State of buddhism in 1200 in South Asia
Born in South asia, but now only limited to monastic communities
State of Hinduism/Islam in South Asia 1200
most widespread religion in India, Islam second with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate
Bhakti Movement
Innovation on traditional polytheistic hinduism
emphasis on devotion to one hindu god
attractive to believers that grew sick of the complex hindu hierarchies and sacrifices
Mounted challenges to social and gender hierarchies
What religions are in southeast asia from 1200-1450
Buddhism
Islam
Name 5 new states in South and Southeast asia from 1200-1450
Delhi Sultanate
Rajput Kingdoms
Vijayanagara Empire
Majapahit Empire
Khmer Empire
Delhi Sultanate
Ruled much of northern india, but had trouble holding on to this rule and imposing a total muslim state upon the majority hindu population
Rajput Kingdoms
Collection of rival warring Hindu kingdoms that existed before muslim rule in northern india
Held back the delhi sultanate from conquering more land
Vijayanagra Empire
Established due to a failure of the Delhi sultanate to expand south
Delhi sent muslim emissaries south → these emisarries had only converted to islam to please the Sultanate → got far enough away from the sultanate and converted back to hindu → started a rival empire
Majapahit Kingdom
Buddhist
Maintained influence by controlling sea trade routes
Declined when China supported its rival the Sultanate of Malacca
Khmer Empire
Hindu → Buddhism
Angkor watt
Angkor Watt
Built as hindu temple in Khmer Empire, after conversion to Buddhism buddhist elements were added and hindu ones remained
reflects both faiths of the empire over time
Describe the development of the Aztec civilization
Mesoamerican
Founded in 1345
Entered alliance with 2 other mesoamerican states and established an empire with a goal of expansion
How did the aztecs maintain control of their empire
Elaborate system of tribute states : those they conquered gave labor, food, animals, etc
Enslaved people played a large role in their religion : candidates for human sacrifice
How did the Inca maintain and improve their empire
Elaborate Bureaucracy: invasive, strict hierarchy throughout the empire
Mit’a System
Mit’a System
Required all peoole under Incan rule to work on state projects: farms, mining, construction, military service
Main difference between Incan and Aztec methods in consolidating power
Aztec: Decentralized
Inca: Highly centralized
Describe Mississipian culture
1st large scale civilization in NA
Near mississipi river valley → fertile soil → focus on agriculture
Large towns dominated small towns politically
Mounds
Where was the Swahili Civilization
East Africa
What religion was the swahili civilization and what did this lead to
Due to Muslim influence became Islamic → more interaction into the larger Islamic world of trade
Describe the Swahili civilization’s politics and organization
Cities organized around commerce, grew more influential as they were more involved in indian ocean trade
Cities independent politically but shared a common social hierarchy: Merchant elite above commoners
How did muslim merchants influence the swahili civilization
Deeply influenced by muslim traders who settled in swahili states → new language, mix between african bantu and arabic
Describe the development of the empires of West Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhay) (3)
Powerful and highly centralized
Grew due to trade with Dar Al-Islam
Most government officials and elites converted to Islam
How was the Hausa kingdom (west Africa) different from other empires there (2)
Decentralized city states (similar to swahili)
Shared common culture grew powerful thru trans saharan trade
Describe development of Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa (4)
Massive structures
Population of 18000
Grew thanks to trade
Initally farmed and herded cattle, moved to gold exports with the increasing African trade
How was Great Zimbabwe different from other states that focused on commerce in africa
Rulers and people never converted to Islam
Describe the development of ethiopia (2)
Grew due to trade
Hierarchal power structure
How was ethiopia different from other african states
Christian
Describe the State of Christianity in Europe in 1200-1450 (3)
Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine) vs Roman Catholicism (Western EU)
Kievan Rus adopted Eastern Orthodox: united their people + plugged them into a larger network of trade
Roman Catholicism culturally linked the fragmented, decentralized states of western EU → Church has significant influence
State of Islam and Judaism in EU 1200-1450 (2)
Muslims conquered Iberian penisinsula
Jews lived in small pockets throughout Europe
What was feudalism
Political system of decentralized europe where powerful lords and kings gained allegiance from lesser lords, who became their vassals. Vassals got land in exchange for military service
Manorialism
Manor is a piece of land owned by a lord thats rented out to peasants who work the land and are bound to that land
center of political and economic power in hands of the lords
Serfdom
peasants bound to their land
Note
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