AP World Unit 1

State

State

a territory politically organized under a single government

How did the Song Dynasty maintain and justify their rule? (2 broad bullets)

Emphasis on Confucianism

Imperial Bureaucracy

Neo-Confucianism

New/ changed confucianism in song dynasty

sought to rid Confucian thought of Buddhist influence

Imperial Bureaucracy

Government entity arranged in a hierarchal fashion that carries out the will of the emperor

Civil Service Exam

taken in song china to get job in bureaucracy

Based on confucian classes, merit-based

in theory was open to all men, in reality you had to be rich enough to not work and devote yourself to studying for it

Main Ideas of Confucianism (2)

Society is hierarchal by nature, everything and everyone has its place

Filial Piety

Filial Piety

Emphasis on the necessity of children obeying their parents, grandparents, and ancestors

Mandate of Heavan

ruler's right to govern based on divine approval

What was life like for women in song china (2)

Stripped of legal rights

Endured social restrictions

Ex of legal rights of song china women

Widows couldn’t remarry, a woman’s property became her husbands’s

Ex of social restrictions of song china women

Limited access to education, foot binding

Foot binding

Status symbol of women in Song china

“a wife that can’t walk, can’t work”

Relationship between Song China , Korea, and Vietnam

Korea and Vietnam were vassal states, gave tribute to China

How did Song China influence korea

Korea used a similar civil service exam

How did Song China influence Japan

wasn’t a vassal state but their elite picked parts of Chinese society to adapt

Buddhism

Based on the 4 noble truths :

Life is suffering

We suffer because we crave

We cease suffering when we cease craving

The eightfold path leads to cessation of suffering and craving

Similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism

Cycle of rebirth/reincarnation

Ultimate goal to dissolve into the oneness of the universe (nirvana for buddhists)

Two new branches of Buddhism

Theravada and Mahayana

Theravada Buddhism

From Sri Lanka

Monks achieve nirvana alone and believed regular people were too occupied with the world for it

Mahayana Buddhism

From East Asia

Encouraged broader participation of Buddhist practices

Bodhisattvas

People who achieved nirvana

What helped Song China have such a strong economy (3)

Commercialization of Economy

Agricultural innovation

Transportation innovation

Song Dynasty Commercialization of economy

Manufacturers and artisans produced more goods than they consumed, sold excess to markets in China and Eurasia

Porcelain and Silk

Song Dynasty Agricultural Innovation

Champa rice

Song Dynasty Transportation innovations

Expansion of the grand canal, facilitated trade and communication among China’s various regions

Champa rice

From vietnam

Grew fast and could be harvested multiple times a year

Led to major population growth in China

Dar Al-Islam

Refers to all places where Islam was the organizing principle of civilization

Judaism

Ethnic religion of jews, based around teachings of the torah

Christianity

Established by Jewish Prophet jesus christ, focuses on teachings of the bible

Islam

Prophet Muhammad claimed to be the final prophet, believed salvation is found in selfless acts (alms, prayer, fasting)

Describe the condition of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1200

Its center of power was in Baghdad

Ethnically Arab

By 1200, losing power and fracturing

Describe the new islamic political entities that replaced the declining abbasid caliphate

Muslim empires now led by ethnic Turks

Seljuk empire

Delhi Sultanate

Mamaluk Sultanate

Describe the rise of the seljuk empire

Established in 11th century by Turkic pastoralists in central asia

Abbasids needed military help expanding and keeping their diverse people groups in line → brought in seljuk warriors→ they saw weaknesses in the regime and fought the Abbasid, then established their own empire

Did the seljuks end the Abbasid caliphate

No, the Mongols did

What practices in new Islamic empires were borrowed from previous empires

Military administered the states

Established sharia law (legal code based on quran)

Examples of intellectual innovations of Dar Al-Islam (3)

Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi

Preservation of ancient greek/roman texts

House of Wisdom

Nasir Al-Din Al-tusi

Muslim scholar who invented trigonometry

Preservation of ancient roman/greek texts

Muslim scholars preserved and commentated on them, ex Plato and Aristotle

House of Wisdom

Library in Baghdad with scholarly works, established under Abbasid Caliphate

Where was the center of scholarship and wealth at this time

Dar Al-Islam and Song China

Describe the expansion of the islamic world c. 1200-1450 (3)

Military Expansion

Muslim Merchants

Muslim Missionaries

Military expansion in the islamic world

Seljuk, Mamaluk, and Delhi all expanded militarily

Muslim Merchants as a way of expansion

Empire of Mali gradually converted to Islam due to trade among Dar Al-Islam

Muslim Missionaries as a way of expansion

Sufi missionaries - mystical, open to adaptation to local cultures made it easier to spread

Much of the conversion to Islam in south Asia was due to sufi missionaries

What religions can be found in South Asia

Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam

State of buddhism in 1200 in South Asia

Born in South asia, but now only limited to monastic communities

State of Hinduism/Islam in South Asia 1200

most widespread religion in India, Islam second with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate

Bhakti Movement

Innovation on traditional polytheistic hinduism

emphasis on devotion to one hindu god

attractive to believers that grew sick of the complex hindu hierarchies and sacrifices

Mounted challenges to social and gender hierarchies

What religions are in southeast asia from 1200-1450

Buddhism

Islam

Name 5 new states in South and Southeast asia from 1200-1450

Delhi Sultanate

Rajput Kingdoms

Vijayanagara Empire

Majapahit Empire

Khmer Empire

Delhi Sultanate

Ruled much of northern india, but had trouble holding on to this rule and imposing a total muslim state upon the majority hindu population

Rajput Kingdoms

Collection of rival warring Hindu kingdoms that existed before muslim rule in northern india

Held back the delhi sultanate from conquering more land

Vijayanagra Empire

Established due to a failure of the Delhi sultanate to expand south

Delhi sent muslim emissaries south → these emisarries had only converted to islam to please the Sultanate → got far enough away from the sultanate and converted back to hindu → started a rival empire

Majapahit Kingdom

Buddhist

Maintained influence by controlling sea trade routes

Declined when China supported its rival the Sultanate of Malacca

Khmer Empire

Hindu → Buddhism

Angkor watt

Angkor Watt

Built as hindu temple in Khmer Empire, after conversion to Buddhism buddhist elements were added and hindu ones remained

reflects both faiths of the empire over time

Describe the development of the Aztec civilization

Mesoamerican

Founded in 1345

Entered alliance with 2 other mesoamerican states and established an empire with a goal of expansion

How did the aztecs maintain control of their empire

Elaborate system of tribute states : those they conquered gave labor, food, animals, etc

Enslaved people played a large role in their religion : candidates for human sacrifice

How did the Inca maintain and improve their empire

Elaborate Bureaucracy: invasive, strict hierarchy throughout the empire

Mit’a System

Mit’a System

Required all peoole under Incan rule to work on state projects: farms, mining, construction, military service

Main difference between Incan and Aztec methods in consolidating power

Aztec: Decentralized

Inca: Highly centralized

Describe Mississipian culture

1st large scale civilization in NA

Near mississipi river valley → fertile soil → focus on agriculture

Large towns dominated small towns politically

Mounds

Where was the Swahili Civilization

East Africa

What religion was the swahili civilization and what did this lead to

Due to Muslim influence became Islamic → more interaction into the larger Islamic world of trade

Describe the Swahili civilization’s politics and organization

Cities organized around commerce, grew more influential as they were more involved in indian ocean trade

Cities independent politically but shared a common social hierarchy: Merchant elite above commoners

How did muslim merchants influence the swahili civilization

Deeply influenced by muslim traders who settled in swahili states → new language, mix between african bantu and arabic

Describe the development of the empires of West Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhay) (3)

Powerful and highly centralized

Grew due to trade with Dar Al-Islam

Most government officials and elites converted to Islam

How was the Hausa kingdom (west Africa) different from other empires there (2)

Decentralized city states (similar to swahili)

Shared common culture grew powerful thru trans saharan trade

Describe development of Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa (4)

Massive structures

Population of 18000

Grew thanks to trade

Initally farmed and herded cattle, moved to gold exports with the increasing African trade

How was Great Zimbabwe different from other states that focused on commerce in africa

Rulers and people never converted to Islam

Describe the development of ethiopia (2)

Grew due to trade

Hierarchal power structure

How was ethiopia different from other african states

Christian

Describe the State of Christianity in Europe in 1200-1450 (3)

Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine) vs Roman Catholicism (Western EU)

Kievan Rus adopted Eastern Orthodox: united their people + plugged them into a larger network of trade

Roman Catholicism culturally linked the fragmented, decentralized states of western EU → Church has significant influence

State of Islam and Judaism in EU 1200-1450 (2)

Muslims conquered Iberian penisinsula

Jews lived in small pockets throughout Europe

What was feudalism

Political system of decentralized europe where powerful lords and kings gained allegiance from lesser lords, who became their vassals. Vassals got land in exchange for military service

Manorialism

Manor is a piece of land owned by a lord thats rented out to peasants who work the land and are bound to that land

center of political and economic power in hands of the lords

Serfdom

peasants bound to their land