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What is sociology?
A branch of the social sciences focused on the scientific and systematic study of groups, societies, and social interactions.
Define society.
A group of people living in a defined geographic area who interact with one another and share a common culture.
What does micro-level sociology study?
It studies small groups and individual interactions.
What does macro-level sociology study?
It studies large groups and societies.
What is culture in sociology?
It includes social norms and responses that dominate the behavior of a population, as well as a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs.
What is sociological imagination?
An awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shapes those choices.
What is constructivism in sociology?
An extension of symbolic interaction theory suggesting that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be.
What are social facts?
Laws, morals, values, and rituals that govern social life.
What is figuration in sociology?
The process of analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior.
Who is August Comte?
A theorist who reintroduced the term sociology and advocated for using scientific methods in studying society.
What is positivism?
The scientific study of social patterns.
What did Harriet Martineau contribute to sociology?
She introduced sociology to English-speaking scholars and analyzed social practices.
What is the main theory of Karl Marx?
Society changes as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.
What is structural functionalism?
A theory that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts that maintain stability.
What does conflict theory suggest?
Society is composed of subgroups that compete ruthlessly for scarce resources.
Define symbolic interactionism.
A theory that examines the relationship of individuals within their society through their use of symbols.
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
The way people understand the world based on the language they use.
What is culture shock?
An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life.
What is ethnocentrism?
Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture.
What is the difference between material culture and nonmaterial culture?
Material culture refers to the objects and belongings of a group, while nonmaterial culture includes ideas, attitudes, and beliefs.
What is meant by 'ideal culture'?
The standards that a society would like to embrace and live up to.
What are norms in a sociological context?
Visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured.
Who developed the concept of the looking-glass self?
Charles Horton Cooley; it describes how individuals base their self-image on how they think others perceive them.
What is the purpose of sociological research methods?
To gather data systematically to understand social phenomena.
What are primary data collection methods?
Methods where researchers obtain data directly, such as surveys and interviews.
What is secondary data analysis?
Using data collected by others but applying new interpretations.
What ethical concerns are emphasized in sociological research?
Maintaining objectivity, respecting privacy, protecting subjects from harm, and seeking informed consent.
What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
To study the long-term effects of untreated syphilis in African American men without their consent.
Define the term 'anomie.'
A situation in which society no longer has the supports of a firm collective conscience.
What is the difference between achieved status and ascribed status?
Achieved status is a social position a person attains through their own efforts, while ascribed status is assigned at birth.
What is role strain?
Stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role.
What does the term 'cultural relativism' mean?
Assessing a culture by its own standards rather than judging it by the standards of another culture.
What is the definition of social solidarity?
The social ties that bind a group of people together.
What is 'dynamic equilibrium' in sociology?
A stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly.
What does the term 'generalized others' refer to?
The organized and generalized attitude of a social group.
Define 'symbolic interactionism.'
Theoretical perspective that analyzes how individuals interact and create meanings through symbols.
What is a hypothesis in sociological research?
A testable educated guess about the predicted outcomes between two or more variables.
