BIO 191 Lab Midterm

What kind of eyes do arthropods possess?

Compound eyes

In arthropods, what is the vessel that runs near the dorsal surface of the the thorax and abdomen?

Longitudinal heart

In arthropods, what are the specialized openings in the exoskeleton that allow air to pass into the tracheae?

Spiracles

In subphylum Chelicerata, what are the chelicerae?

Feeding appendages in the form of pincers or fang

In subphylum Chelicerata, what are the

feeding appendages in the form of pincers or fang

Chelicerae

How many pairs of appendages do members of subphylum Chelicerata have?

Six pairs

What are the two tagmata in subphylum Chelicerata?

Cephalothorax and abdomen

What are the two classes of subphylum Chelicerata studied?

Merostomata and Arachnida

Horseshoes crabs are an example of which class in subphylum Chelicerata?

Class Merostomata

Which genus of Merostomata was studied?

Genus Limulus

Spiders and scorpions are an example of which class in subphylum Chelicerata?

Class Arachnida

Crabs, shrimps, lobsters, and crayfish are an example of which subphylum in Arthropoda?

Crustacea

How many pairs of antennae do Crustaceans possess?

Two pairs

What are the three different types of chewing appendages in Crustaceans?

Mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds

Which order in Class Malacostraca is characterized by ten legs?

Decapoda

Which decapod was studied?

Crayfish/crawfish

What chemical supports the exoskeleton in Crayfish?

Calcium carbonate

What is the cephalothorax covered by in Crayfish?

Carapace

What are swimmerets used for?

Swimming and reproduction

Which structure in crayfish are used for swimming and reproduction?

Swimmerets

Which Arthropod subphylum is characterized by jaw-like mandibles, one pair of sensory antennae, and a pair of compound eyes?

Subphylum Myriapoda

Centipedes are an example of which Myriapoda class?

Class Chilopoda

Millipedes are an example of which Myriapoda class?

Class Diplopoda

Which Arthropod subphylum is characterized by being the largest group of organisms on Earth?

Subphylum Hexapoda

Which Hexapod class are true insects?

Class Insecta

What are the three tagmata in insects?

Head, thorax, abdomen

How many pairs of antennae do insects have?

One pair of antennae

What are wings in insects made of?

Chitin

Where does excretion take place in insects?

Malpighian tubules

In insects, what are the Malpighian tubules?

Structures where excretion takes place

What are stages between molts called?

Instars

What are instars?

Stages between molts

What is the ovipositor?

A tube-like organ used to lay eggs

How can you distinguish between male and female grasshoppers?

Presence of the ovipositor

Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars are examples of which Animalia phylum?

Phylum Echinodermata

What is the nervous system in Echinoderms called?

Nerve ring

In Echinoderms, what is the system that uses hydraulic power to operate tube feet for locomotion and food capture?

Water-vascular system

What is the path of water in Echinoderms?

Madreporite → Stone Canal → Ring Canal → Radial Canal → Ampullae → Tube Feet

Brittle stars are an example of which Echinoderm class?

Class Ophiuroidea

Sea lilies and feather stars are an example of which Echinoderm class?

Class Crinoidea

Sea urchins and sand dollars are an example of which Echinoderm class?

Class Echinoidea

Sea cucumbers are an example of which Echinoderm class?

Class Holothuroidea

Sea stars are example of which Echinoderm class?

Class Asteroidea

What is the endoskeleton of Class Asteroidea called?

Ossicles

Which canal radially distributes water in Echinoderms?

Ring canal

Which canal runs down each arm in Echinoderms?

Radial canal

Which structure forces water to the tube feet in Echinoderms?

Ampullae

Which kingdom is defined by a group of haploid eukaryotic organisms including molds, mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, and smuts?

Kingdom Fungi

Which taxonomic level are fungi?

Kingdom

What is the molecule made of glucose that make up fungi cell walls called?

Chitin

What are the microscopic reproductive cells that allow fungi to reproduce?

Spores

What are the threadlike structures in fungi?

Hyphae

What is the entire network of hyphae called?

Mycelium

What are the walls separating cells in fungi called?

Septa

What are fungi that possess walls separating cells celled?

Septate hyphae

What are fungi that lack walls separating cells called?

Aseptate/coenocytic

What are the specialized structures responsible for reproduction in fungi called?

Fruiting bodies

Which structure in fungi produce spores?

Fruiting bodies

Which type of relationship between organisms is defined by both organisms benefiting?

Mutualism

Which type of relationship between organisms is defined by one organism benefitting while the other is harmed?

Parasitism

Which type of relationship between organisms is defined by one organism benefitting while the other is unaffected?

Commensalism

How many sets of chromosomes do Chytridiomycota have?

One (haploid)

Do Chytridiomycota possess septa?

No (aseptate/coenocytic)

Which fungus studied was in phylum Chytridiomycota?

Allomyces

Which fungus phylum features flagellated cells as apart of their lifecycle?

Chytridiomycota

Which fungus phylum features members living in soil or decaying organic matter?

Zygomycota

What is a commonly known member of Zygomycota?

Bread molds

How many sets of chromosomes do Zygomycota have?

One (haploid)

Do Zygomycota possess septa?

No (aseptate/coenocytic)

What is mycorrhizae?

Symbiotic relationship between fungus hyphae and plant roots

Zygomycota use which form of reproduction?

Asexual and sexual reproduction

How do zygomycota asexually reproduce?

They release haploid spores via mitosis from haploid hyphae

What are sporangiospores?

Asexual reproductive structures that release spores using sporangia

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae

What is endomycorrhizae?

When fungi penetrates and grows into plant cells

What is ectomycorrhizae?

When fungi grows between plant cells

What are fomites?

Inanimate objects that harbor microorganisms for a period of time

How do both organisms benefit from mycorrhizae?

Fungus gets photosynthetic products while plant gets nutrients from fungus

In fungi, what are the two mating types?

(+) and (-)

What is plasmogamy?

Two different mating strains fuse, where plasma membrane fuses but the nuclei do not to form a dikaryotic cell

What is karyogamy?

Two nuclei fuse to form a diploid cell

What is it called when a cell has two haploid nuclei (nonfused)?

Dikaryotic

What are zygosporangium?

Sexual reproductive structure where zygospores form

Which fungus studied was in phylum Zygomycota?

Rhizopus

What is a commonly known member of Ascomycota?

Sac fungi

Where do Ascomycota produce sexual spores?

Ascus

What are the fruiting bodies in Ascomycota called?

Ascocarps

Do Ascomycota possess septa?

Yes (septate)

How many sets of chromosomes do Ascomycota have?

One (haploid)

What are the asexual spores in Ascomycota called?

Conidia

Where are conidia released?

At the ends of hyphae

How does an ascocarp form?

Sexual result of the two separate mating strains fusing and growing

Which 4 fungi studied was in phylum Ascomycota?

Aspergillus, peziza, penicillium, and saccharomyces

Do Basidiomycota possess septa?

Yes (septate)

How many sets of chromosomes do Basidiomycota have?

One (haploid)

What are the sexual spores in Basidiomycota called?

Basidiospores

When are basidiospores produced?

During the temporary diploid stage

What are the fruiting bodies in Basidiomycota called?

Basidiocarps

In mushrooms, what is the umbrella shaped top called?

Cap