Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic anatomical concepts, directional terms, body planes, abdominopelvic quadrants and regions, anatomical prefixes, subdisciplines, levels of organization, and body systems from Chapter 1 notes.

Right Upper Quadrant

abdominopelvic quadrant containing the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, pancreas, and small intestine.

Left Upper Quadrant

abdominopelvic quadrant containing the stomach, spleen, left kidney, pancreas, and small intestine.

Right Lower Quadrant

abdominopelvic quadrant containing the appendix, cecum, small intestine, right ovary, and uterine tube.

Left Lower Quadrant

abdominopelvic quadrant containing the descending/sigmoid colon, small intestine, left ovary, and uterine tube.

Superior

Anatomical directional term meaning above another structure.

Inferior

Anatomical directional term meaning below another structure.

Anterior (Ventral)

Anatomical directional term meaning toward the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Anatomical directional term meaning toward the back of the body.

Medial

Anatomical directional term meaning toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Anatomical directional term meaning away or farther from the midline, toward the side.

Proximal

Anatomical directional term meaning closer or nearer to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Anatomical directional term meaning farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Superficial

Anatomical directional term meaning near the body surface.

Deep

Anatomical directional term meaning farther from the body surface.

Ipsilateral

Anatomical directional term meaning on the same side of the body.

Contralateral

Anatomical directional term meaning on opposite sides of the body.

Right Hypochondriac Region

Abdominopelvic region containing the liver, gallbladder, and right kidney.

Epigastric Region

Abdominopelvic region located above the stomach, containing the stomach, liver, and pancreas.

Left Hypochondriac Region

Abdominopelvic region containing the spleen, stomach, and left kidney.

Right Lumbar Region

Abdominopelvic region containing the ascending colon, right kidney, and small intestine.

Umbilical Region

Abdominopelvic region containing the small intestine and transverse colon.

Left Lumbar Region

Abdominopelvic region containing the descending colon, left kidney, and small intestine.

Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region

Abdominopelvic region containing the cecum and appendix.

Hypogastric (Pubic) Region

Abdominopelvic region located below the stomach, containing the urinary bladder, small intestine, and uterus.

Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region

Abdominopelvic region containing the sigmoid colon and small intestine.

Peri-

Anatomical prefix meaning around.

Epi-

Anatomical prefix meaning upon or above.

Hypo-

Anatomical prefix meaning below or under.

Hyper-

Anatomical prefix meaning above normal or excessive.

Chondr- / chondriac

Anatomical prefix/term root meaning cartilage.

Intra-

Anatomical prefix meaning within.

Inter-

Anatomical prefix meaning between.

Sub-

Anatomical prefix meaning below or under.

Supra-

Anatomical prefix meaning above.

Para-

Anatomical prefix meaning beside or near.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body and its parts.

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts.

Microscopic Anatomy

Division of anatomy examining structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye.

Cytology

The study of body cells and their internal structure.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)

Division of anatomy investigating structures visible to the unaided eye through dissection.

Systemic Anatomy

Division of gross anatomy studying the anatomy of each body system.

Regional Anatomy

Division of gross anatomy examining the structures in a specific body region.

Surface Anatomy

Division of gross anatomy focusing on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures.

Comparative Anatomy

Division of gross anatomy examining anatomical similarities and differences in different species.

Embryology

Division of gross anatomy studying developmental changes from conception to birth.

Pathologic Anatomy

Division of anatomy examining macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Radiographic Anatomy

Division of anatomy investigating internal structures visualized by scanning procedures.

Pathophysiology

Subdiscipline of physiology focusing on the function of a body system during disease or injury.

Chemical Level

Simplest level of structural organization consisting of subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, and macromolecules.

Cellular Level

Level of organization consisting of cells, which are the basic units of life.

Tissue Level

Level of organization consisting of groups of similar cells performing a common function.

Organ Level

Level of organization consisting of multiple tissues working together to perform specific functions.

Organ System Level

Level of organization consisting of related organs working together.

Organism Level

Highest level of organization where all organ systems function together to form the organism.

Integumentary System

Organ system that covers the body, protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, and includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Muscular System

Organ system composed of muscles that moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat.

Skeletal System

Organ system composed of bones, ligaments, and cartilages that provides protection, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts.

Cardiovascular System

Organ system composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Lymphatic System

Organ system composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen that transports lymph, carries fatty substances, and defends against pathogens.

Thymus

Primary lymphoid organ in the lymphatic system.

Spleen

Secondary lymphoid organ in the lymphatic system.

Nervous System

Organ system composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs that receives, interprets sensory signals, and causes responses.

Endocrine System

Organ system composed of glands that secrete hormones, including the hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.

Female Reproductive System

Organ system composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and genitalia that produces, maintains, and transports female sex cells and supports offspring development.

Male Reproductive System

Organ system composed of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, penis, and scrotum that produces, maintains, and transports male sex cells.

Digestive System

Organ system that receives food, breaks down nutrients into absorbable forms, and eliminates unabsorbed materials.

Respiratory System

Organ system that takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and air.

Urinary System

Organ system composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra that filters wastes from blood and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.

Anatomic Position

Standard reference stance where the body is upright, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at sides, palms facing anteriorly, head level, and eyes looking forward.

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)

Vertical body plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Transverse Plane (Cross-sectional Plane)

Horizontal body plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

Midsagittal Plane

Vertical body plane dividing the body into equal right and left sides.

Parasagittal Plane

Vertical body plane dividing the body into unequal right and left sides.

Oblique Plane

Body plane that passes through a structure at an angle.

Cross Section

A cut across a cylindrical organ such as a blood vessel.

Longitudinal Section

A lengthwise cut along a cylindrical organ.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body and its parts.

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts.

Cytology

The study of body cells and their internal structure.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Gross Anatomy

Also known as macroscopic anatomy, the study that investigates body structures visible to the unaided eye.

Systemic Anatomy

The study of the anatomy of each body system.

Regional Anatomy

The study that examines the structures in a specific body region.

Surface Anatomy

The study focusing on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures.

Comparative Anatomy

The study that examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species.

Embryology

The study of developmental changes from conception to birth.

Pathologic Anatomy

The study that examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Radiographic Anatomy

The study that investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures.

Pathophysiology

A subdiscipline of physiology focusing on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system.

Chemical Level

The simplest level of structural organization, composed of subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, and macromolecules.

Cellular Level

The level of structural organization consisting of cells, which are the basic units of life.

Tissue Level

The level of structural organization composed of groups of similar cells performing a common function.

Organ Level

The level of structural organization composed of multiple tissues working together.

Organ System Level

The level of structural organization composed of related organs working together.

Organism Level

The highest level of structural organization where all organ systems function together to form the organism.

Superior

Directional term meaning above another structure or toward the head.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below another structure or toward the feet.

Anterior (Ventral)

Directional term meaning toward the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Directional term meaning toward the back of the body.