Unit 4-Biochem(Introduction to Metabolism)

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in living organisms

Catabolism

breaking down molecules to produce cellular energy

Anabolism

building biomolecules using cellular energ

catabolic

Glycolysis is __________ pathway

anabolic

Gluconeogenesis is __________ pathway

Phototrophs

use CO₂ (or organic matter) and light to produce cellular energy

Heterotrophs (aka chemotrophs):

use CO₂ (or organic matter) and REDOX active molecules to produce cellular energy

CO₂, organic carbon

Autotrophs use ____ and Heterotrophs use _______

Glucose, O2, H2O, CO2

regulated independently

Parallel pathways of catabolism and anabolism must differ in at least one metabolic step so that they can be
_______________________

ATP

The energy currency of the cell

NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers involved in redox reactions

FADH2

NADH

endergonic reactions

Reaction coupling of ATP drives _______________

photosynthesis, catabolism

ATP is formed via ______________ in phototrophic cells or by _____________ in heterotrophic cells

ATP hydrolysis

Energy-requiring cellular activities are powered by __________, liberating ADP and Pi

NADH and FADH₂

___________ transfer electrons to the electron transport chain

hydride ions (H:-)

Hydrogen and electrons released in catabolism are transferred as ____________ to the pyridine nucleotide, NAD+, to form NADH + H+ in dehydrogenase reactions (reduction of NAD+ to NADH)

O2

The ultimate oxidizing agent, ___ , is the final acceptor of electrons, becoming reduced to H2 O

oxidative, reductive

Catabolism is ___________, anabolism is __________

NADPH

________ can be viewed as the carrier of electrons from catabolic reactions to anabolic reactions

NADP+

In photosynthesis, light energy is used to pull electrons from water and transfer them to _______

Reduction(top),Oxidation(bottom)

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

_____________________ are good sources of chemical energy because their carbon is reduced

–CH₂–

Chains of _______ groups are the most energy-rich form of reduced carbon

oxidized form

Carbon dioxide is the final product of catabolism and the most ____________ of carbon

less

The more C-O bonds the _____ reduced the molecule become

organic micronutrients

Vitamins are _______________, which are required in small daily amounts (micro to mg)

water-soluble and fat-soluble

Two major classes of vitamins

Most vitamins essential nutrients (humans _________ the basic form of the vitamin)

disease

the absence (and sometimes the excess) of certain vitamins cause _______

coenzymes

The active form of many water-soluble vitamins are also known as _________

Thiamine

B1 Vitamin

Riboflavin

B2 Vitamin

Niacin

B3 Vitamin

Pantothenic Acid

B5 Vitamin

Pyrixodine

B6 Vitamin

Biotin

B7 Vitamin

Folate

B9 Vitamin

Cobalamin

B12 Vitamin

Ascordic Acid

C Vitamin

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

The active coenzyme for of thiamin is ____________________

Thiamine Pyrophosphate

thiamine pyrophosphate transferase

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) is formed by the addition of 2 phosphate groups by the enzyme____________________

decarboxylation, transketolation

Thiamin Pyrophosphate(TPP) is a coenzyme for enzymes that perform _________________ (removal of a carboxyl group) and
____________ (transfer of two-carbon units)