PSY 469 final

small muscle athletes

another name for musicians

motor coretx

involved in conscious decisions to contract specific musicles

hands/lips/tongue

most of the space in the motor cortex is devoted to these body parts

cerebellum

involved in balance, coordination, monitoring feedback, learning and storing habits

fewer

musicians with extensive musical experience activate _____ brain areas than non-musicians

more

the earlier a musician begins training, the _______ neuronal activity is observed

5 stages

The acquisition of motor skills happens in _____

fast or early stage

initial boost in performance that may occur within minutes after training begins

slow or later stage

further gains with repetition and practice

consolidation stage

motor skills evolve during rest following practice
-over night sleep provides max benefit to motor skills that are most difficult to learn

automatic stage

motor skills require minimal cognitive resources and more resistant to interference from other motor tasks

retention stage

motor skill can be executed without the need for practice

musical performance

demands on both auditory and motor systems (sharing info between the 2)

permanent

practice makes?

perfect

____ practice makes perfect

10 years

for musicians it may take at least ____ of sustained effort to achieve an international level of performance

10,000

studies of violinists and pianists report that the best had ______ or more hours of practice

7,500

good musicians had _______ hours

4,000

least accomplished musicians had ______ hours

deliberate practice

- practice w a goal

- motivation to improve

- receive feedback

- repetition

Pascual-Leone (1995) study - group 1

learned and practiced a specific 5 finger pattern on the piano

- researchers found that the area of the motor cortex controlling the fingers tripled in size

Pascual-Leone (1995) study - group 2

played random finger patterns on the piano

- the size of the motor cortex area controlling fingers did not increase

Pascual-Leone (1995) study - group 3

mentally rehearsed the same 5 finger pattern as group 1, but not on the piano

- just like group 1, the motor cortex area controlling the fingers tripled in size

fusiform gyrus and superior parietal cortex

two main brain structures involved in music reading

progressive saccades

right to left eye movement

regressive saccades

left to right eye movement

metacognition

thinking about one's own thoughts
-professional musicians are very self aware of their strengths and weaknesses

self regulation

individual learner sets goals then monitors progress towards these goals

- motivation: intrinsic vs extrinsic

self efficacy

belief that one can perform at a competent level in particular situation

frequency

how many times behavior occurred

duration

how long the behavior lasted

intensity

how severely the behavior was demonstrated

latency

how long it took to start performing the behavior after the defined prompt

reinforcement

the occurrence of a behavior

- results immediately in a consequence

- the behavior is strengthened (more likely to occur again in the future)

positive reinforcement

behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (positive reinforcer) and the behavior is strengthened

Ex: getting your paycheck after a long two weeks of hard work

negative reinforcement

behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus (punisher/aversive stimulus) and the behavior is strengthened

Ex: putting on a jacket when it's cold

Ex: scratching a mosquito bite

Ex: telling someone to shut up during a concert

NOT punishment!!!

behavior skills training (BST) procedures

- used to teach new behaviors

- used with learners who can follow instructions and imitate models
(MIRF)

modeling

- model has high status or similarity

- the learner must pay attention to the model

- the model's behavior occurs in the proper context

- repeat as necessary

- variety of exemplars to enhance generalization

- opportunity for immediate rehearsal

instructions

- should specifically describe the behaviors and the situations

- must be understood by the learner

- given by a person with credibility

- use instructions with modeling when necessary

- give instructions when the learner is paying attention

- learner should repeat the instructions to ensure understanding and facilitate self-prompting

rehearsal

- rehearsal provides opportunities for the teacher to observe, provide reinforcement, assess, and correct errors

- occurs immediately after instructions and modeling

- occurs in the proper context (dress rehearsal)

- immediate praise or other reinforcers are provided

- corrective feedback if needed

- repeat rehearsal of corrective behavior

- work from easy to hard behaviors (program for success)

feedback

- praise correct behavior immediately

- always praise some aspect of the performance

- use descriptive praise

- do not make corrective feedback negative

- praise some aspect of the performance before giving corrective feedback

- give corrective feedback on one aspect of performance at a time

Using BST procedures

1.) Assess the learner's skills to establish a baseline

2.) identify and define the skills to teach

3.) begin training with the easiest skill/situation first

4.) describe the behavior and model it in a realistic role-play context

5.) allow the learner to rehearse in a role-play context

6.) provide praise for correct performance & provide feedback

7.) repeat until the learner successfully performs without assistance

8.) advance to next behavior situation

music therapy

the scientific application of music or music activities to attain therapeutic goals

applications of music therapy

-developmental & learning disabilities

- Alzheimer's

- substance abuse

- TBI

- physical disabilities

- pain

Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)

Since Broca's Aphasia typically involves damage to the left hemisphere of the brain, musical areas of the brain may not be affected since they are in the right hemisphere

- can be treated with ______

Causes of vocal cord damage

- improper singing technique, overuse, yelling, smoking, alcohol and/or drug usage, dehydration, GERD

The blues

- along with jazz, blues music is the only true American music form

- blues has its deepest roots in the work songs of the West African slaves in the American South

- While working in the fields, black slaves developed a "call and response" way of singing

1619

what year do most scholars start the histories of the blues in or around?

Minstrel shows

Variety shows performed by white actors in blackface. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century. Following the civil war, black performers began to take the place of white performers and began to spread traditional slave music

W.C. Handy "Father of the Blues"

former minstrel performer & recalled seeing a black musician at a Mississippi railroad station playing slide guitar w/ a knife and singing

- Delta Blues

- Memphis Blues was the first known recorded blues song

Alan Lomax

from 1941-1943 the famous blues folklorist ______ made field recordings of blues artists in their surroundings

- served to expose whites to blues music

musical fusion

began to occur between genres in the 1960s

- british invasion spread the blues worldwide

- fleetwood mac, led Zeppelin, and rollin stones

major musicians in british rock-blues fusion

the 1970s brought about the Texas rock-blues style

- Stevie Ray Vaughn

- The Fabulous Thunderbirds

- ZZ Top

B.B. King

blended Delta and electric Chicago blues, known as the King of the Blues

muddy waters

father of modern Chicago blues

- major inspiration for the British Blues

- Beatles song "Come Together" references him

Buddy Guy

the bridge between blues and rock & roll

- used path-finding guitar techniques

- distortion, feedback, volume, and texture shifts

- influenced musicians like Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Jimi Hendrix, and Stevie Ray Vaughn

Ma Rainey

the mother of the blues

- first black woman to record a record

- known for her moaning style of singing

Huddie Ledbetter(Leadbelly)

first blues musician to achieve fame with white audiences

- played a 12 string guitar using 5 picks

stability, predictability, and safety

emotional trauma shatters our everyday absolutisms:

major key

What key do we normally associate with happy or joyful emotions?

minor key

what key do we associate with sad feelings?

major and mior at the same time

what key did the blues use?

1 year old

At what age of development are the first songs produced?

18 months

when do children start to generate recognizable songs?

non-musicians deviate by 1.3 semitones, while musicians deviate by 0.5 semitones

What is the deviation of semitones for musicians and non-musicians for reproducing single pitches in a pitch making task?(experiment 1)

Gens du pays (vigneault and rochon 1976)

What composer was used for the study?
(experiment 1)

occasional singers

Who had less control over pitch relative music, and more out of key pitch intervals?(still in a less than one deviation of the semitone)
(experiment 1)

reduced accuracy, especially on pitch dimension for non experienced singers

what happened with faster tempo?(experiment 1)

non-experienced singers happened to compare and show similarity with experts.

What happened in slower tempo? (experiment 1)

poor singers lost pitch control and made a substantial pitch deviation in semitones when the music slowed

what happened in experiment 2?

detailed behavioral record that is not available for the learning of most type of highly skilled behavior

What does musical practice naturally produce?

Performance cues

-the landmarks of the piece that
an experienced musician attends to during performance, carefully selected and rehearsed during practice
so that they come to mind automatically and effortlessly as the piece unfolds, eliciting the highly practiced
movements of fingers, hands, and arms.
-provide flexibility by allowing the
performer to remain mindful of a memorized performance that has become automatic through extended
practice

structural cues

critical places in the formal structure of the music, such as section boundaries, where
musical material changes.

artistic image (initial stage)

the musician
identifies the formal structure of the piece as well as
many of the places that will later become expressive,
interpretive, and basic performance cues. In later practice sessions, the musician focuses on basic technique
and then on interpretation, revisiting each repeatedly
as learning progresses. When the piece is ready, attention returns to expressive performance cues during
final preparation for a public performance.

The Italian Concerto (presto)

what was the case study?

57 practice sessions,
totaling 33 hours 25 minutes, over 10 months including two breaks totaling almost 6 months during which the piece was not practiced

for the case study, what was the preparation process?

The performers self-reports after practice performances

What was the analysis based on? (Ginsberg, 2006)

autonomic and implicit motor skills along with implicit and long term memory

what portions of psychology did the case study prove?