CPUSH Unit 2 test

Antitrust/ Trust Busting-

refers to government efforts to break up monopolies and regulate large corporations to promote competition and prevent unfair business practices. It aims to protect consumers and ensure a fair market by preventing any single company from dominating an industry.

Black codes

 were laws enacted in Southern states after the Civil War aimed at restricting the freedoms and rights of African Americans. These laws created legal barriers that limited their participation in society by imposing restrictions on voting, work, and mobility, and often enforced harsh penalties for violating these regulations.

Jim Crow laws

state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation in the Southern United States, enforcing discriminatory practices in public facilities, schools, and transportation, effectively perpetuating the disenfranchisement of African Americans for decades

Convict leasing

a system where Southern states rented out prisoners to private companies to work for them. This often happened after the Civil War and mainly involved African American convicts. Instead of serving their time in prison, these prisoners worked in harsh conditions for little or no pay, benefiting the companies and the state financially.

Corporation

a legal entity that is separate from its owners, allowing it to own property, enter contracts, sue or be sued, and conduct business. Corporations can raise capital by selling shares to investors, providing them with limited liability, meaning they are not personally responsible for the corporation's debts

Frontier

the outer edges of settled land in the United States, particularly during the westward expansion in the 19th century. It symbolizes the transition between civilization and wilderness, where new opportunities for settlement, exploration, and economic development were pursued.

Institutionalized/ systemic racism

the ways in which racial discrimination is embedded in the policies, practices, and structures of institutions, such as government, education, and the economy. This form of racism results in unequal opportunities and outcomes for different racial groups, often disadvantaging people of color while privileging white individuals. It goes beyond individual prejudice to encompass broader societal norms and systemic barriers that perpetuate inequality.

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

An American Protestant-led christian extremist,white supremist, far-right hate group.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the intrests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants 

Laissez-faire economic policies

an economic philosophy that advocates for minimal government interference in the economy

New South

A slogan made by Henry W. Grady who urged the south to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy grounded in factories, mines, and mills

populism

A political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary peoople who feel that thier concerns are disregarded by established elite groups

Reconstruction

the historic period in which the united states grappled with the question of how to integrate millions of newly freed African Americans into social, political, and labor systems

segragation

the action of seperating people, historically on the basis of race and/or gender

Sharecropping

A system where the landlord/ planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchnage for a share of the crop

Socialism

any political or economic theory that says the community, rather than individuals, should own and manage property and natural resources

strike

collective refusal by empolyess to work under the conditions required by empolers

Temperance

Movement dedicated to promting moderation and , more often, complete abstinence in the use of intoxicating liquor

Textiles

A flexible material comprising of a network of natural or artifical fibers, known as yarn

Trust

A new type of industrial organization, in whichthe voting rights of a controlling number of shares of competing firms were entrusted to a small group of men

Unions/organized labor

an association of workers formed to negotiate collectively with an empolyer to protect and further workers' rights and interests

Urbanization

the concentration of human populations into discrete areas

Lynching

violent attack often carried out by a mob for th epurpose of retribution(getting back at someone) and/or intimidation [most targeted group was African Americans ] [often took the form of hanging]

WHat was radical reconsruction

1. Radical Reconstruction (1865 - about 1877)Radical Reconstruction was a significant period in the post-Civil War era characterized by the federal government taking a strong role in rebuilding the South and ensuring the rights of freed slaves

Key elements of radical resconstruction

• The establishment of military districts in the South to oversee the enforcement of Reconstruction laws.

• The passage of the Reconstruction Amendments, including the XIII (13) which abolished slavery, XIV (14) which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law, and XV (15) which secured voting rights for African American men.

• The involvement of Radical Republicans who advocated for comprehensive civil rights and the protection of newly freed slaves.

• Opposition to this period included the rise of groups like the KKK, which sought to maintain white supremacy and undermine Reconstruction efforts.

• Increased rights for Black citizens, including voting and political participation.

How did increased right for c=black citizens effectte south

1. It led to greater political participation for African Americans, including the right to vote and hold public office

Who were carpet baggers and scalawags?

1. The presence of Northern transplants (carpetbaggers) and Southern collaborators (scalawags) who supported Reconstruction reforms created social tensions and opposition among white Southerners

What effects did opposition from groups cause?

1. Organizations such as the KKK emerged during this period, intending to suppress African American rights and maintain white supremacy.

How did federal military presence effect the south ?

The establishment of military districts helped enforce Reconstruction laws, ensuring some level of order and protection for newly freed slaves.

How did the implementation of balck codes effect the south

1. Despite advances, many Southern states implemented Black Codes that restricted the freedoms and rights of African Americans, creating legal barriers to their full participation in society.

How did economic challenges effect the south

1. The post-war economy struggled with the transition from a slave-based system to one that included free labor, leading to widespread poverty and limited opportunities for African Americans.

What were the reconstruction amendments

1. three constitutional amendments adopted in the aftermath of the Civil War aimed at establishing rights for freed slaves and promoting civil rights.

What was the 13th amendent

1. XIII (13): Abolished slavery in the United States.

What was the 14th amendement

1. Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and included the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses, which guarantee individuals' rights.

What was the due process clause

Clause in the 14th Amendment means that the government must follow fair procedures before taking away a person's rights, like their life, freedom, or property. It ensures that everyone has a chance to defend themselves and have their day in court when facing legal action.

What was the equal protection clause

Clause in the 14th Amendment means that everyone should be treated equally under the law. It prevents the government from discriminating against individuals based on characteristics like race, gender, or religion. In simple terms, it ensures that all people have the same rights and protections, and no one can be unfairly treated just because of who they are.

What was the 15th amendemnt

1. Secured voting rights for African American men, prohibiting the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

1. What is the impact of the North pulling the military and radical reconstruction out of the South in the 1870s?

Many Southern states brought back or made stricter laws called Black Codes after the North pulled out their military. These laws made it harder for African Americans to have freedoms and rights, creating big obstacles for them to participate fully in society.

1. Who was responsible for the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

1. The Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought in 1876, was primarily between the United States Army, led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, and a coalition of Native American tribes, including the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne. The battle is often associated with Custer's last stand, as his forces were overwhelmed by the Native American warriors.

How did the homestead act make people want to move out west

a law passed in 1862 that aimed to encourage people to move west and settle there. It allowed individuals to claim 160 acres of land for free, as long as they improved it by building a house and farming it for at least five years. This made it easier for many families to own land and start new lives in the American West.

What was the chinese exclusion act

a law passed in 1882 that prevented Chinese laborers from entering the United States. It aimed to limit immigration from China due to fears that they were taking jobs from American workers. This law was significant because it was one of the first times the U.S. government officially restricted immigration based on nationality.

What was the gold rush

a period in the mid-1800s when a lot of people moved to California after gold was discovered there in 1848. Many were hoping to strike it rich by finding gold and getting wealthy quickly. This led to a huge influx of people, creating boomtowns where businesses and communities popped up around gold mining. However, not everyone found gold, and many ended up facing tough living conditions and economic hardships.

what was the market revolution

1. a significant change in the early 19th century when the United States shifted from a largely agricultural economy to one focused on industry and commerce. This period saw the rise of factories, increased transportation networks like roads and canals, and new inventions, which made it easier to produce and sell goods. Many people moved from farms to cities to work in these factories, leading to a new way of life where buying and selling became more important than just producing for oneself.

What were boomtowns and ghost towns

1. Boomtowns are quickly built towns that pop up around new discoveries, like gold mines. They attract a lot of people looking to strike it rich and usually have businesses, houses, and services set up rapidly to accommodate the newcomers. Eventually, if the resources run out or people leave, these towns can become ghost towns, which are abandoned places with few or no residents left.

What is the rise of industry

1. a period when the United States moved from mostly farming to factories and manufacturing. This change began in the late 1800s and was driven by new inventions, improved transportation (like railroads), and a growing workforce. Factories started producing goods on a larger scale, making products cheaper and more available. As a result, many people moved from rural areas to cities for jobs, changing how Americans lived and worked, leading to an economy based more on industry than agriculture.

Who were robber barons or captians of industry

1. “Robber Barons” or “Captains of Industry”

   Robber Barons were wealthy and powerful business leaders in the late 1800s who used unfair methods to get rich, often exploiting workers and limiting competition. They are seen as greedy and corrupt. On the other hand, some people called them "Captains of Industry" because they also created jobs, built new businesses, and helped the economy grow. So, whether seen as Robber Barons or Captains of Industry depends on how one views their actions and impact on society.

How did corporations become so powerfuk

1. Industrialization: The rise of factories and an industrial economy allowed businesses to grow rapidly and scale production.

2. Technological Advancements: New inventions and improvements in production methods increased efficiency and lowered costs.

3. Railroads and Transportation: Improved transportation networks enabled companies to distribute their products widely and access new markets.

4. Access to Capital: The establishment of stock markets and investment banks allowed corporations to raise large amounts of money from investors, helping them expand.

5. Laws Favoring Corporations: Legal frameworks in the U.S. often favored corporate rights and limited regulations, enabling them to operate with less oversight.

6. Economies of Scale: Larger corporations could produce goods more cheaply than smaller businesses, making it hard for them to compete.

How did big companies deal with strikes

1. Hiring Replacement Workers: Companies sometimes brought in non-union workers or "scabs" to continue operations during a strike.

2. Employing Security Forces: Corporations often hired private security firms or even local law enforcement to intimidate striking workers and keep the peace.

3. Negotiation: Some corporations chose to negotiate with union leaders in order to reach compromises and settle disputes.

4. Legal Measures: They frequently employed legal tactics to challenge strikes, getting court orders to restrict striking activities or labeling unions as conspiracies.

5. Public Relations Campaigns: Corporations might launch public relations initiatives to sway public opinion against striking workers, portraying them as self-serving or disruptive.

6. Creating Company Unions: In some cases, companies formed their own unions, which were easier to control and often did not fight for workers' rights as aggressively as independent unions.

What were unions /organization

groups formed by workers in the same industry or company to come together and advocate for their rights and interests. The main goal of these unions is to improve working conditions, pay, and benefits for their members. By organizing, workers can have a stronger voice when negotiating with employers, as they can collectively bargain for better terms. Labor organizations also support workers during disputes, such as strikes, when specific grievances are not addressed by management.

WHat was the haymarket affair

1. a labor protest that took place in Chicago in 1886. It started as a peaceful rally supporting workers striking for an eight-hour workday. However, the protest turned violent when someone threw a bomb at the police, leading to a clash that resulted in the deaths and injuries of both police officers and protesters. This event led to a public backlash against labor movements and resulted in the execution of several labor leaders, which raised concerns about workers' rights and the treatment of labor activists.

What was the homestead strike

a major labor conflict that took place in 1892 at the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Workers were unhappy with wage cuts and poor working conditions, so they went on strike to demand better treatment. The company responded by locking out the workers and hiring private security forces to protect the plant. The situation escalated into violence when strikers clashed with these security guards, resulting in deaths and injuries on both sides. The strike was ultimately a setback for labor unions and highlighted the struggles workers faced in fighting for their rights.