Anatomy and Physiology I (Boyd): Exam 4

What is a nonaxial joint?

A joint where the bones only slip past each other

What is a biaxial joint?

A joint that moves in two planes

What is a uniaxial joint?

A joint that moves in one plane

What is a multiaxial joint?

A joint that moves in all the planes

What is a plane joint?

A nonaxial joint where two bones come together so that they can slip past one another

What is an example of a plane joint?

Carpals and tarsals

What is a hinge joint?

A uniaxial joint that moves similarly to a door hinge

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Elbow

What is a pivot joint?

A uniaxial joint where one bone rotates about its axis

What is an example of a pivot joint?

Proximal radioulnar joint

Atlantoaxial joint

What is a condylar joint?

A biaxial joint where the articular surfaces are oval-shaped

What type of movement is allowed by a condylar joint?

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

What is an example of a condylar joint?

Metacarpophalangeal joints

What is a saddle joint?

A biaxial joint where the articular surfaces are concave and convex

What type of movement is allowed by a saddle joint?

Opposition

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Carpometacarpal joint of digit I

What is a ball and socket joint?

A multiaxial joint where one articular surface is spherical and the other is cup-shaped

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

Glenohumeral joint

Acetabulofemoral joint

What indicates that a joint is easy to injure?

A higher range of motion

Why does a higher range of motion allow a joint to be injured more easily?

Stability of the joint is sacrificed for motion

What are the three most commonly injured joints?

Shoulder

Knee

Hip

The knee has a lower range of motion than the hip, but the knee is more commonly injured than the hip. Why?

The hip has more ligaments that are bigger and stronger than the ones present in the knee

What ligaments stabilize the knee?

Posterior cruciate ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

Medial collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

What motion will tear the cruciate ligaments?

Planting the feet and twisting the body

What is dislocation of the knee?

Tearing of all stabilizing ligaments so that the femur slips off the meniscus

How does the body compensate for the reduced stability that occurs after the knee has been dislocated?

Quadriceps and adductors of the thighs become stronger

How is dislocation treated?

Joint is reduced and immobilized

What is joint reduction?

Putting dislocated bones back in alignment

Which ligaments prevent the knee from slipping forwards and backwards?

Posterior cruciate ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

Which ligaments prevent the knee from slipping side to side?

Medial collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

What is temporomandibular joint dysfunction?

Tear in the articular cartilage between the condylar process of mandible and the temporomandibular fossa

What is a trigger point?

A tiny point of spasm in a muscle

Where are cartilage tears common?

Knee

Hip

Shoulder

What can be caused by cartilage tears?

Joints can lock due to fragments in the cartilage

How are cartilage tears treated?

Cartilage transplant

Why must cartilage tears be treated with a transplant?

The cartilage cannot repair itself due to its low blood supply

What is a sprain?

Ligaments are stretched or torn

How are sprains treated?

Immobilization of the joint

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of a bursa

How is a sprain treated when the ligament is completely torn?

The two ends can be surgically sewn back together or a transplant can be performed

What can cause bursitis?

Overuse of a joint

Blunt-force trauma

What is tendonitis?

Inflammation of a tendon sheath

What can cause tendonitis?

Blunt-force trauma

Repetitive use

Why is tendonitis more problematic in children than in adults?

It is treated by immobilizing the joint, which results in less strain being placed on the articulating bones

This will lead to the skeleton to stop growing symmetrically

What is arthritis?

Inflammation of the joints

How many kinds of arthritis are there?

Over 100

What is the most widespread crippling disease in the United States?

Arthritis

What are the symptoms of arthritis?

Pain

Stiffness

Inflammation

What is acute arthritis?

A severe form of arthritis that occurs over a short period of time

What is chronic arthritis?

A moderate form of arthritis that occurs over a long period of time

What is osteoarthritis?

A chronic, irreversible, degenerative form of arthritis in which wear and tear on the skeleton results in more cartilage destruction than production

What is a degenerative disease?

A disease that gets worse over time

What problem arises from osteoarthritis?

Due to the destruction of cartilage, there is a reduction of stability, which causes the ends of bones to enlarge and fuse together

How many Americans will have developed osteoarthritis by the time they reach 85 years old?

Over half

How can osteoarthritis be treated?

Movement

Supplements

What type of exercise is especially good for osteoarthritis?

Swimming

What supplements can help treat osteoarthritis?

Glucosamine

What is glucosamine?

A supplement that supports synovial fluid in joints

When should glucosamine not be given to an osteoarthritis patient?

If they are allergic to shellfish

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the joints

What ages is rheumatoid most common in?

40s-50s

Are men or women more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis?

Women

How much more likely are women to develop rheumatoid arthritis than men?

Three times

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Bilateral joint pain

Giant nodules forming over the joints

Anemia

Heart problems

Muscle weakness

How can rheumatoid arthritis be treated?

Anti-inflammatory drugs (steroids)

Immunosuppressants

Why are immunosuppressants not desirable when treating rheumatoid arthritis?

They leave the patient vulnerable to infection

What is gouty arthritis?

Uric acid crystals are deposited in joints and soft tissue

Are men or women more likely to develop gouty arthritis?

Men

Which joint is most commonly affected by gouty arthritis?

Joint at the base of the big toe

How can gouty arthritis be treated?

Medications

Drinking water

Avoiding alcohol and red meat consumption

What are muscle cells called?

Fibers

How long are skeletal muscle fibers?

As long as the muscle

How many nuclei are present in skeletal muscle fibers?

More than one

Which type(s) of muscle are voluntary?

Skeletal muscle

What are the three prefixes that refer to muscles?

Myo-

Mys-

Sarco-

What are skeletal muscles connected to?

Skeleton

What causes the striations in skeletal muscle?

Arrangement of proteins

What do skeletal muscles require in order to move?

Stimulation from the nervous system

Where is cardiac muscle located?

Heart walls

Which type(s) of muscle are involuntary?

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

What is the appearance of cardiac muscle?

Striated, branched fibers with one nucleus per cell

Where is smooth muscle located?

Hollow visceral organs

Which organs contain smooth muscle?

Stomach

Bladder

Arteries

What is the appearance of smooth muscle?

No visible striations, with fusiform fibers

What does fusiform mean?

Fiber is enlarged in the middle and tapers at both ends

What are the special characteristics of muscle?

Excitability

Contractility

Extensibility

Elasticity

What is excitability?

Ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

What is contractility?

The ability to shorten when stimulated

What is extensibility?

Ability to stretch without damage

How do contractility and extensibility affect a muscle?

Allow for movement

What is elasticity?

Ability to stretch and resume the original shape

What are the five functions of muscles?

Moving the skeleton

Maintaining posture

Stabilizing joints

Generating heat

Protecting organs

What is a function of smooth muscle?

Moving fluids through the body

How many arteries, nerves, and veins serve each muscle?

One artery

One nerve

At least one vein

What is endomysium?

Connective tissue that surrounds one muscle fiber

How are muscle fibers arranged?

In fascicles

What is perimysium?

Connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

What are fascicles?

Bundles of muscle fibers that work together

What is epimysium?

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

What is an origin?

Attachment of a muscle to an immovable bone