Chapters 1-3

Pharmacology is the study of

drugs and their interactions with living organisms

pharmacotherapy is the use of medications to treat

different disease states

pharmacodynamics is the study of action of drugs on

living organisms

pharmacokinetics is the study of

what the body does to the drug

what does pharmacokinetics measure

the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug from the body

Toxicology is the study of

harmful effects of drugs on living tissues

Dental hygienists are typically the first to gather and evaluate

medication list and med history

T/F In ohio we can administer local anesthesia and nitrous oxide sedation

true

what should we know and understand to be able to explain to our patients ab medications

antibiotics (allergy concerns)

Fluoride (in office and prescriptions)

Pain meds (abuse concern)

Emergency drugs

Alterations of appointments involve

time of day, length of app, and positioning of pts

what are the treatment modifications

limit / no vasoconstrictors, evaluate bleeding, antibiotic prophylaxis

drug investigation process includes the (what names)

code name or chemical name

What is the trade name

a name given by a pharmaceutical company that created the drug

is the trade name capitalized or not capital

capitalized

how long is the trade name protected by the federal patent law

20 yrs

what is the generic name

the official name determined by the US adopted name council

is the generic name capitalized?

no

what do regulatory agencies do?

they grant approvals for drugs to be marketed after being deemed of safe and effective

what does the US food and drug administration determine ab a drug

if it is over the counter or prescription

what does the US federal trade commission do

regulate trade practices and prohibit false advertisment

What does the US Drug Enforcement Administration Regulate?

manufacturing and distribution of substances that may be abused

clinical testing phase I purpose

biological effect, metabolism, safe dose range, and toxic effects

clinical testing phase II purpose

test effectiveness

clinical testing phase III purpose

safety and efficacy demonstrated, dosage determined

clinical testing phase IV purpose

reporting of adverse reactions

scheduled drugs II-IV require

Rx

package inserts includes

information about the drug- chemical makeup, (contra)indications for use, warnings, adverse reactions, drug interactions, dose, administration

black box warning

serious safety concerns

drug recall is when there is a probability of

serious adverse effects

a drug is a biologically active substance that can modify

cellular function

what part of the cell interacts with the molecule and causes a chain of events

the receptor

Agonist

"perfect fit" full bind to receptor

antagonist

partially binds to receptor and prevents agonists from binding

partial agonist

partially binds to receptor and produced small response, prevents others

effective dose 50% is the dose required to produce

50% of maximal effect

Toxic dose 50% is the dose required to produce

50% of toxic effect

whats the therapeutic index

the safety zone of a drug

potency is the

amount of drug needed to produce an effect

effiicacy is the

maximum intensity of effect of a drug regardless of dose

what is the onset

the time it takes for the drug to have an effect

what is the duration

length of time the effect lasts

what does ADME stand for

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Absorption is the process by which:

drugs are transferred from site of administration to the circulation (blood)

where are drugs usually absorbed

the small intestines

distribution is the passage of drugs from

blood stream to various body systems

metabolism is the

breakdown of the drug for easy excretion

where do drugs usually get metabolized (first pass)

in the liver

excretion is the _________of the drug

removal

what organ assists in removing the drug and how

kidneys and usually removed through urine

what are some factors that alter drug effects

patient adherence, tolerance, time of administration, sex, genetic variations, drug interactions, age/weight, environment

what does enteral mean

goes directly to GI tract (orally or rectally)

what does parenteral mean

bypasses the GI tract (inhalation, injection, topical)

disruption is the

initial breakdown of the outer shell/coating

Disintegration

breakdown of contents of tablet/capsule

Dispersion

concentrated drug is spread throughout the stomach/intestines

Dissolution

drug is dissolved in GI fluid

advantages of IV (injections)

most rapid response, more predictable blood vessles

advantages of intramuscular injection

long lasting effect, good absorption due to vascularity if skeletal muscles

examples of subcutaneous injections

insulin, LA's

what is intradermal injection and whats an example

into dermis of the skin, ex. TB test

inhalation causes a

rapid delivery

how are topicals used

applied to body surface

where are topicals most effective

in non-keratinized areas

an adverse drug reaction is a response to a drug that is

not desired, potentially harmful and occurs at therapeutic doses

toxic reaction is when the desired effect on the target organ is

excessive

side effect is the dose related effect on

a non targeted organ

idiosyncratic reaction is __________ related abnormal drug response

genetically

drug allergy is the

immunologic response resulting in rash or anaphylaxis

an interference with natural defense mechanism reduce the bodys ability to

fight infection

common oral side effects of drugs

gingival overgrowth, bleeding, xerostomia, or medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw