Micro ch 1: Humans and the Microbial World

what is microbiology?

things we can only see with a microscope

what are aseptic techniques and some examples

procedure that prevents contamination; we use petri dishes, test tubes, vented hoods

Robert Hooke

discovered plant cells with a microscope, first person to use the word “cell”

Leeuwenhoek

discovered microbes

spontaneous generation

a theory by Aristotle organisms can come forth from non-living matter (later disproven by Redi)

Redi

meat/maggot experiement; showed that life can only come from living things

Pasteur

development of the rabies vaccine

biogenesis

living things come from other living things

Tyndall

discovered microbes can exist in two different forms: heat-adverse and heat resistant

Cohn

endospores (heat-resistant bacteria)

Virchow

all cells come from preexisting cells (plagerized cell theory from Robert Romack who saw cell division)

Lister

surgeon who began antiseptic techniques, sprayed things with phenol red

Jenner

vaccine for small pox from cow pox, reduced or eliminated sickness and symptoms

Alexander Flemming

discovered the first antibiotic—penicillin

Koch

developed set of steps to determine if a disease is caused by a certain microbe

steps of the scientific method

observation, question, hypothesis, test (control and variable), analyze data, conclusion

where are the results put after an experiement?

in scientific journals

how are scientific journals organized

abstract, introduction, methods, results, conclusion, figures, references

normal microbiota

good, line in or on us, fight germs, digestion, heart function

human microbio project

DNA sequencing of all the microbes that inhabit the body

the role of microbes in the enviroment

the nitrogen cycle, microbes break down compounds so we can use nitrogen

degrade nutrients from animals, dead materials, and pollutants; used to make food d various products

bacillus

rod-shaped bacteria

cocci

round bacteria

vibro

curved bacteria

spirillum

spiral bacteria

pleomorphic

bacteria that can take multiple shapes

diplo

bacteria in pairs

strepto

chains of bacteria

stapylo

clusters of bacteria

sarcina

packs of 4 or 8 bacteria

pathogens

disease-causing microbes

EID

emerging infectious diseases

what do prokaryotes have

bacteria; cell walla nd membrane, one chromosome

what do eukaryotes have

membrane, many chromosomes and organelles

Domain Bacteria

usual bacteria, no membrane, no closed organelles

Domain Archea

unusual bacteria, different cell walls and grow in extreme enviroments

Domain Eukarya

living things with cells that have a nucleus and defined organelles

the five kingdoms

by Whittaker: Monera, Protista (animal-like, no cell wall), Fungi (plant like, produce spores), Plantae, Animalia

categories to classify living things in order

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

bionomial nomenclature

process for naming, Genus and species

a strain

subgroup of a species