Research Methods Overview

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139 Terms

1

Archival Research

Gathering data from existing records or documents.

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2

Case Study

In-depth analysis of a single subject or group.

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3

Cause-And-Effect Relationship

Understanding how one variable influences another.

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4

Control Group

Group in an experiment without the experimental treatment.

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5

Correlational Research

Examining the relationship between variables without manipulation.

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6

Critical Thinking

Analyzing and evaluating information for informed decisions.

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7

Dependent Variable (DV)

Measured variable affected by the independent variable.

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8

Double-Blind Study

Study where neither participants nor researchers know treatment allocation.

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9

Experiment

Controlled investigation to test a hypothesis.

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10

Experimental Group

Group in an experiment receiving the experimental treatment.

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11

Falsifiable

Capable of being proven false through observation or experimentation.

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12

Hypothesis

Testable prediction or explanation.

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13

Independent Variable

Variable manipulated by the researcher.

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14

Naturalistic Observation

Studying behavior in its natural environment.

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15

Operational Definition

Defining variables in terms of how they are measured or manipulated.

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16

Placebo Effect

Response to a placebo due to the belief it is an active treatment.

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17

Random Sample

Sample selected randomly from the population.

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18

Scientific Method

Systematic research approach involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis.

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19

Theory

Well-substantiated explanation based on evidence and tested hypotheses.

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20

Wilhelm Wundt

Considered the founder of experimental psychology.

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21

Biopsychology

Study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes.

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22

Action Potential

Electrical signal transmitted along the neuron.

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23

Agonist

Substance enhancing the activity of a neurotransmitter.

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24

Antagonist

Substance inhibiting the activity of a neurotransmitter.

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25

Extinction

Diminishing of a learned response without pairing stimuli.

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26

Law of Effect

Behaviors with positive outcomes are likely repeated.

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27

Learning

Acquiring new knowledge or skills.

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28

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behavior by removing aversive stimuli.

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29

Negative Punishment

Decreasing behavior by removing desired stimuli.

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30

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences of behavior.

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31

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus initially not eliciting a response.

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32

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others.

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33

Positive Reinforcement

Increasing behavior by adding desired stimuli.

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34

Positive Punishment

Decreasing behavior by adding aversive stimuli.

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35

Schedules of Reinforcement

Patterns affecting behavior due to reinforcement.

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36

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Innate response to an unconditional stimulus.

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37

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Emotional and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

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38

Components of emotion

Include physiological arousal, behaviors, and experiences.

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39

Drive theory

Behaviors motivated to reduce internal tension.

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40

Emotion

Psychological and physiological responses to stimuli.

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41

Extrinsic motivation

Driven by external rewards or consequences.

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42

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions influence emotional experiences.

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43

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy from basic to self-actualization needs.

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44

Intrinsic motivation

Driven by internal rewards like satisfaction.

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45

James-Lange theory of emotion

Emotions from physiological arousal triggering experiences.

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46

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

Emotions involve arousal and cognitive appraisal.

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47

Self-efficacy

Belief in succeeding in specific situations.

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48

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Model with sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

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49

Chunking

Organizing information into smaller units for memory.

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50

Declarative memory

Memory for facts and events consciously recalled.

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51

Encoding

Converting information for memory storage.

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52

Episodic memory

Stores personal experiences and events.

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53

Explicit memory

Intentional memory retrieval.

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54

Flashbulb memory

Detailed memory of emotionally significant events.

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55

Implicit memory

Unconscious memory retrieval like procedural memory.

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56

Long-term memory (LTM)

System for later retrievable information.

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57

Proactive interference

Old memories interfere with recalling newer ones.

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58

Procedural memory

Memory for performing tasks or skills.

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59

Recall

Retrieving information from memory.

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60

Rehearsal

Repeating information for encoding and retention.

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61

Retrieval

Accessing stored information in memory.

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62

Retroactive interference

New memories interfere with recalling older ones.

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63

Semantic memory

Memory for general knowledge and concepts.

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64

Sensory memory

Brief storage of sensory information.

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65

Short-term memory (STM)

Temporary storage actively processed.

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66

Actor-observer bias

Attributing own actions to external factors.

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67

Asch effect

Conforming to group norms despite personal beliefs.

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68

Attitude

Evaluation or feeling towards a person, object, or situation.

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69

Attribution

Explaining behavior internally or externally.

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70

Cognitive dissonance

Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or attitudes.

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71

Conformity

Adjusting behavior to fit with a group.

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72

Fundamental attribution error (FAE)

Overemphasizing internal traits in explaining others' behavior.

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73

Internal/external attribution

Attributing behavior to internal traits or external circumstances.

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74

Obedience

Compliance with authority figures' orders.

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75

Role conflict

Conflict between roles a person holds.

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76

Self-handicapping

Creating obstacles to protect self-esteem from failure.

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77

Self-serving bias

Attributing success to internal factors and failure to external ones.

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78

Social psychology

Study of individual behavior in social contexts.

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79

Social role

Expectations for behavior in a social position.

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80

Just-world hypothesis

Belief in deserving outcomes based on actions.

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81

Stanford Prison Experiment

Study on psychological effects of power and authority.

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82

Normative social influence

Conforming to be accepted by a group.

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83

Informational social influence

Conforming to be correct or accurate.

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84

Locus of control

Belief in controlling events in one's life.

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85

Groupthink

Decision-making in groups seeking consensus.

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86

Sensation

Detecting stimuli through sensory organs.

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87

Wavelength

Distance between wave peaks or troughs.

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88

Depth Perception

Perceiving relative object distances in 3D space.

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89

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls involuntary bodily functions.

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90

axon

Nerve fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body.

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91

Central Nervous System (CNS

brain and spinal cord

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92

cerebral hemispheres

the two halves of the brain

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93

dendrites

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals.

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94

Fight or Flight

Physiological response to stress or danger.

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95

Frontal Lobes

Brain region involved in decision making and personality.

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96

gene

Unit of heredity that carries genetic information.

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97

homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body

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98

natural selection

Process by which favorable traits are passed on to offspring.

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99

occipital lobe

Brain region responsible for visual processing.

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100

parietal lobe

Brain region involved in sensory processing.

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