ANSC 102 Small Ruminants

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183 Terms

1

Caprine

refers to animals in the goat family

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2

ovine

refers to animals in the sheep family

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3

kid

immautre goat

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4

lamb

a sheep less than one year in age

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5

wether

a castrated male goat or sheep

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6

doe

a female goat

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7

buck

a sexually mature intact male goat

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8

ram

a sexually mature intact male sheep

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9

Fecal egg count

a measure of internal parasite burden in ruminants

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10

parasite resistance

the ability of parasites to survive and reproduce despite exposure to antithelminit ctreatments

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11

shearing

the act of cutting the wool off

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12

gestation of sheep

144-152 days

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13

gestation of goats

147-155 days

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14

lambing

lambs are born between january and may, typically mid-March

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15

kidding

late february - early april

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16

breeding

september - january

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17

when are ewes first mated

7-19 months

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18

when are goats first mated

6-9 months, 60-65% mature weight

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19

weaning

60-90 days

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20

post-weaning

30-50 days, ewes are sorted and market ewes culled, growing and finishing ration fed

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21

market lambs

100-110 lbs

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22

market goats

60-110 lbs

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23

Origins of domesticated sheep

primary ancestor = mouflon, came with introduction of agro-pastroalism 6,000 years ago, first livestock species to be domesticated

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24

How are sheep classified

by ratio of wool and hair, all domesticated sheep breeds have wool and hair

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25

Dairy goats

Alpine, Nubian, LaMancha, Oberhasli, Toggenburg

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26

Meat goats

Boer (most popular), Spanish, Myotonic (fainting goat), Savanna, Kiko

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27

Which countries have the most sheep

China, India, Australia, UK

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28

Which states have the most sheep

Texas, wyoming, utah

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29

Top wool producers

China, UK/Britian

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30

Top small ruminant meat producers

china, india, pakistan

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31

Top sheep meat consumption countries

new zealand, australia, UK

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32

What are the majority of goats raised for

meat

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33

Why have we turned away from wool sheep

decrease in textile industry and increased labor related to shearing

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34

How is lamb meat evaluated

yield grade based on backfat, quality grades - muscling

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35

What are the different quality grades for lamb meat

prime (best), choice, good, utility (poor)

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36

Lamb meat maturity

determined by the prescence of break/spool joint, young bones have soft growth plate

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37

Grazers

sheep, eat mostly grass, legumes, and forages

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38

Forbs

broad-leaf flowering plants other than grass, sheep prefer, highly nutritious

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39

Grazing diet

60% grass, 30% forbs, 10% browze

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40

Browsers

goats, preference for woody plants, weed and brush control, prefer browsing brush above shoulder-height

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41

Browzing diet

20% grass, 20% forbs, 60% browse

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42

Anatomy of browsers

prehensile lips, longer tounge, narrow muzle, larger liver for detoxifying plants

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43

Anatomy of grazers

shorter, fatter, more blunt tounge, split upper lip

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44

internal aprasites

barber's pole worm, coccidia

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45

External aparsites

live, ticks, sheep keds, flies, biting midges, bot fly

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46

Parasite life cycle

larvae develop from immature to mature in stomach/intestine, female lays eggs, eggs pass in feces, eggs hatch, larvae develop to infective stage and migrate to grass, grazing sheep ingest larvae

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47

How long can it take for parasites to go from egg to infective stage

as little as 6 days

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48

FAMCHA

created to identify anemic animals

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49

anemia

resulting often from parasite burden

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50

Indications of parasite load

anemia, weight loss, intake will go down, isolated stock, lethargic, decrease wool or meat production, decrease milk production, skinny/lethargic lambs

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51

What is the biggest factor in dealing with parasites

management

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52

Preventing parasites

graxing management (rotational, manure management), seasonal management, hay management

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53

seasonal management

larva can survive 120 days (cool and moist), parasites die quickly when it is hot and dry

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54

Hay management

harvesting pastures opens up areas to heat and sunlight which kills parasites, leave stands of grass less than 4 inches

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55

treating parasites

deworming (ivermectin, safe-guard, cydectin, valbazen)

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56

What causes resistence with parasites

over-utilizing dewormers, under-treating animals, superworms

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57

4-6 weeks before lambing/kidding

vaccinate with CDT, check FAMACHA score (uses eyes), deworm (internal and external), copper bolus for goats, check feet/hoof

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58

What happens 30 days prior to lambing/kidding

udder begins to drop

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59

3-7 days before lambing/kidding

trim wool off rear end (crutching), check feet/hoof trim, move into individual housing

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60

Sheep reproduction

seasonally polyestrous, 16-17 day cycle, in estrus for 30 hours

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61

When should you breed sheep

12-18 hours after estrus

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62

Why are dorsets unique when it comes to reproduction

they can lamb out of season

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63

goat reproduction

seasonally polyestrous, 18-24 day cycle, in estrus for 36 hours

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64

When to breed goats

12-36 hours after estrus onset

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65

Seasonally polyestrus

shorter duration of daylight in fall months, melatonin drives estrus, peak fertility september to november

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66

What type of seasonally polyestrus are sheep and goats

short day

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67

What are ways to breed goats

hand mating, pen breeding, artifical insemination, out-of-season breeding

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68

breeding sheep

ram bred, laparoscopic artifical insemination

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69

Shearing

put sheep on rump, put thumb in mouth, pull wool tight, try to remove in one piece

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70

Hair sheep

mouflon (shed annually), have improved parasite resistance

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71

What is the single largest cost associated with raising small ruminants

feed (60%)

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72

what does nutrition impact

reproduction, milk production, meat production, lamb/kid development

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73

What will inadqueate nutrition lead to

animals that are more prone to disease, decreased parasite resistance, and failure to reach genetic potential

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74

What is the most limiting nutrient

energy

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75

What is the most expensive nutrient

protein

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76

Why is fiber needed

to maintain a healthy rumen

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77

What is the cheapest feed ingredient

water

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78

Maintenance

energy needed to maintain body weight, basal metabolic function, and energy equilibrium - fluctate for individuals and based on environmental conditions

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79

Breeding

ewes get 10% increase in nutrient requriements

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80

early gestation

ewe nutrient requirements jump 43%

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81

Late gestation

ewe experiences deficiencies in energy and calcium requirements double, SE and vit e are critical

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82

lactation

requires the highest nutrient demands, high quality and yeilding forages

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83

chronic Copper toxicosis

most common type in sheep, cu accumulates in the liver cauing heptic necrosis, and is released into bloodstream, red blood cell damage, kidney daage, degeneration of whtie matter in brain, death

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84

acute copper toxicosis

oral exposure to cu, gi irritation, necrosis and mucosal erosion, overload of cu binding proteins, early death is due to hepatic insufficiency, alte death due to renal failure

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85

Signs of copper toxicity in sheep

depression, weakness, anorexia, reddish brown/dark urine, excessive thirst, teeth grinding

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86

treatment of copper toxicity

cu antagonists (Mo and S), fluid thrapy, blood transfusion - poor success rate

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87

Foot/Hoof rot

caused by fusobacterium necrophorum, more severe in sheep

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88

symptoms of foot/hoof rot

lameness, reduced weight gain, decreased milk, decreased reproduction

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89

treatment and prevention of hoof rot

hoof trim, dry/sanitary bedding, foot baths in zinc sulfate, copper sulfate

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90

Most absorbant bedding

hay

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91

produciton system for small ruminants

traditional and pole and open-sided barn (expensive), hoop house/carport shelter/wind breaks/port-a-hut (cheaper)

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92

Factors affecting housing

location, accessibility, ventlation

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93

How does location impact housing

elevated, well-draining, wind protection

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94

hwo does accesibility impact housing

manure management, trucking, deliveries, electricity access, water access

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95

how does ventiliation impact housing

air flow, ammonia smell, cold tolerant

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96

pros and cons of housing

higher lamb % in confinement, lower nutrutional demand, higher respiratory complications

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97

Keepign sheep outside year round

have increased ventilation and exercise, cleaner fleece, decreased feeding costs, no barn upkeep

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98

Where are Merino sheep primarily located?

Australia, South Africa, South America, US

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99

When was the Merino sheep breed introduced?

12th century

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100

What type of wool do Merino sheep produce?

Fine wool

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