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Cells make up all __________ things.
living
A __________ is a group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function.
tissue
Organs are formed from a number of different __________, working together to produce a specific function.
tissues
The stomach is part of the __________ system, along with organs such as the liver and small intestine.
digestive
The digestive system is an organ system made up of __________ working together to perform a certain function.
organs
Enzymes are biological __________ that increase the rate of reaction without being used up.
catalysts
Each enzyme has its own uniquely shaped __________ where the substrate binds.
active site
The Lock and __________ Hypothesis describes how enzymes work.
Key
The optimum temperature for most enzymes is a range around __________ degrees Celsius.
37
If the temperature becomes too hot, the bonds in the enzyme's structure will __________.
break
The optimum pH for most enzymes is __________, but some have a low optimum pH.
7
Benedict’s test is used for detecting __________.
sugars
The Iodine test is used for detecting __________ in a solution.
starch
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the __________.
gallbladder
The heart pumps blood in a __________ circulatory system.
double
Deoxygenated blood flows into the __________ atrium.
right
The __________ of the left ventricle is thicker because it needs to pump blood around the entire body.
muscular wall
Valves in the heart ensure that blood does not flow __________.
backwards
The natural resting heart rate of a person is around __________ beats per minute.
70
Arteries carry blood __________ from the heart.
away
Veins carry blood __________ the heart.
towards
The function of capillaries is to allow blood to flow very close to __________ to enable substance transfers.
cells
The air sacs where gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs are called __________.
alveoli
The diaphragm moves __________ causing inhalation.
down
Upon inhalation, oxygen diffuses into the deoxygenated blood in the __________ surrounding the alveoli.
capillaries
The power of __________ can significantly increase the rate of transpiration due to the steeper concentration gradient.
wind
Guard cells control the opening and closing of the __________.
stomata
Bile helps in the digestion of __________ by emulsifying it.
lipids
Liver produces bile which helps with digestion of __________.
fats
The right __________ contracts, pushing blood to the lungs.
ventricle
Red blood cells contain the red pigment __________, which binds to oxygen.
haemoglobin
White blood cells are part of the body's __________ system.
immune
Hypertension can lead to increased risk of __________ disease.
cardiovascular
Cancer can be caused by exposure to carcinogens like __________ radiation.
ionising
The __________ is a part of the respiratory system that allows air to enter the lungs.
trachea
The first stage of the heart's process involves blood flowing into the right atrium through the __________.
vena cava
Coronary heart disease is caused by blockage in the __________ arteries.
coronary
A __________ test for lipids will result in a cloudy layer if a lipid is present.
emulsion
Obesity can affect the body's __________, leading to type 2 diabetes.
metabolism
Plant tissues are specialized for different __________ within the plant.
functions
Epidermal tissue helps to reduce water loss by __________.
evaporation
Phloem transports __________ substances around the plant.
food
Xylem transports __________ and minerals from the roots.
water
The __________ is responsible for photosynthesis within plant cells.
chloroplast
Guard cells are found on the __________ of leaves.
surface
In higher temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis __________, leading to higher transpiration.
increases
The __________ heart valve can become faulty, leading to inefficiency in the heart's operation.
mitral
______________ occurs when the immune system is compromised, making individuals more susceptible to diseases.
Poor health
Lung disease can result from __________ exposure, leading to damage in the respiratory system.
smoking
Artificial blood can keep patients alive for a short time after extreme blood loss and ensures that the __________ can produce new blood cells.
body
Statins are used to lower levels of __________ cholesterol in the body.
LDL
Fatty liver is caused by excessive __________ consumption, leading to liver damage.
alcohol
Cardiovascular disease is a risk factor associated with __________ related lifestyle choices.
diet
Cancer cells typically divide more rapidly than __________ cells.
normal
Type 2 diabetes is often associated with __________ due to obesity.
insulin resistance
Alveoli are surrounded by __________ to facilitate gas exchange.
capillaries
The __________ cells in the heart regulate the heartbeat.
pacemaker
The __________ generates electrical impulses to trigger heart contractions.
sinoatrial node
Muscular tissue in the stomach helps in the __________ of food.
digestion
The functions of enzymes depend greatly on their __________.
shape
The __________ can lead to serious health impacts if it becomes faulty.
heart
Respiration produces __________ as a waste product.
carbon dioxide
Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming __________.
oxyhaemoglobin
To calculate the _________ of blood flow, use the volume of blood divided by the number of minutes.
rate
The __________ involves breaking down large lipid droplets into smaller ones.
emulsification
Bile is alkaline and neutralizes the __________ acid from the stomach.
hydrochloric
The body's first line of defense against pathogens includes __________ blood cells that engulf and digest them.
white
Individuals with high blood pressure are at greater risk for suffering from __________ disease.
heart
To test for starch, iodine is used, which turns __________ when starch is present.
blue-black
Liquid in the blood that carries cells and nutrients is known as __________.
plasma
The __________ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange.
pulmonary artery
Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into __________.
simple sugars
The process of __________ describes when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
diffusion
Cancers such as __________ can be linked to smoking and obesity.
lung cancer
______________ are fragments of cells that help with blood clotting.
Platelets
An increase in __________ results in a greater rate of transpiration due to enhanced evaporation.
temperature
Benedict’s test turns __________ if sugars are present.
brick red
The active site of an enzyme is shaped to fit a specific __________.
substrate
The __________ is the main organ for digestion in the human body.
stomach
The function of the small intestine is to absorb __________ into the blood.
soluble molecules
The __________ circulatory system consists of two circuits; one to the lungs and one to the rest of the body.
double
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach aids in killing __________.
bacteria
Plant cells can be differentiated in their __________ based on their function.
tissues
The process of gas exchange in the lungs primarily occurs in the __________.
alveoli
Coronary heart disease can result in a __________ due to blockage in the arteries supplying blood to the heart.
heart attack
The __________ is the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
mitral valve
Lipases are enzymes that convert lipids into __________ and glycerol.
fatty acids
The __________ arteries provide blood supply to the heart muscle.
coronary
Substrate concentration affects the speed of __________ reactions.
enzyme
Plant meristematic tissue can differentiate into different types of __________ cells.
plant
The buildup of fat within coronary arteries is associated with __________ heart disease.
coronary
If the pH is too high, this can lead to enzymes becoming __________.
denatured
The _________ is a tube-like structure through which air moves in the respiratory system.
trachea
The __________ contains the nucleus and protects white blood cells.
cell membrane
During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to __________ the volume of the chest cavity.
increase
Keeping blood at the right temperature is vital for enzyme __________.
activity
Excessive drinking can lead to fat accumulation in the __________.
liver
An examination revealing the levels of LDL cholesterol can indicate the risk of __________ heart disease.
coronary
Fatty substances are often transported through the __________ system.
circulatory
During respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from __________ to the alveoli.
blood
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Flashcard (22)