Organisation

Cells make up all __________ things.

living

A __________ is a group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function.

tissue

Organs are formed from a number of different __________, working together to produce a specific function.

tissues

The stomach is part of the __________ system, along with organs such as the liver and small intestine.

digestive

The digestive system is an organ system made up of __________ working together to perform a certain function.

organs

Enzymes are biological __________ that increase the rate of reaction without being used up.

catalysts

Each enzyme has its own uniquely shaped __________ where the substrate binds.

active site

The Lock and __________ Hypothesis describes how enzymes work.

Key

The optimum temperature for most enzymes is a range around __________ degrees Celsius.

37

If the temperature becomes too hot, the bonds in the enzyme's structure will __________.

break

The optimum pH for most enzymes is __________, but some have a low optimum pH.

7

Benedict’s test is used for detecting __________.

sugars

The Iodine test is used for detecting __________ in a solution.

starch

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the __________.

gallbladder

The heart pumps blood in a __________ circulatory system.

double

Deoxygenated blood flows into the __________ atrium.

right

The __________ of the left ventricle is thicker because it needs to pump blood around the entire body.

muscular wall

Valves in the heart ensure that blood does not flow __________.

backwards

The natural resting heart rate of a person is around __________ beats per minute.

70

Arteries carry blood __________ from the heart.

away

Veins carry blood __________ the heart.

towards

The function of capillaries is to allow blood to flow very close to __________ to enable substance transfers.

cells

The air sacs where gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs are called __________.

alveoli

The diaphragm moves __________ causing inhalation.

down

Upon inhalation, oxygen diffuses into the deoxygenated blood in the __________ surrounding the alveoli.

capillaries

The power of __________ can significantly increase the rate of transpiration due to the steeper concentration gradient.

wind

Guard cells control the opening and closing of the __________.

stomata

Bile helps in the digestion of __________ by emulsifying it.

lipids

Liver produces bile which helps with digestion of __________.

fats

The right __________ contracts, pushing blood to the lungs.

ventricle

Red blood cells contain the red pigment __________, which binds to oxygen.

haemoglobin

White blood cells are part of the body's __________ system.

immune

Hypertension can lead to increased risk of __________ disease.

cardiovascular

Cancer can be caused by exposure to carcinogens like __________ radiation.

ionising

The __________ is a part of the respiratory system that allows air to enter the lungs.

trachea

The first stage of the heart's process involves blood flowing into the right atrium through the __________.

vena cava

Coronary heart disease is caused by blockage in the __________ arteries.

coronary

A __________ test for lipids will result in a cloudy layer if a lipid is present.

emulsion

Obesity can affect the body's __________, leading to type 2 diabetes.

metabolism

Plant tissues are specialized for different __________ within the plant.

functions

Epidermal tissue helps to reduce water loss by __________.

evaporation

Phloem transports __________ substances around the plant.

food

Xylem transports __________ and minerals from the roots.

water

The __________ is responsible for photosynthesis within plant cells.

chloroplast

Guard cells are found on the __________ of leaves.

surface

In higher temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis __________, leading to higher transpiration.

increases

The __________ heart valve can become faulty, leading to inefficiency in the heart's operation.

mitral

______________ occurs when the immune system is compromised, making individuals more susceptible to diseases.

Poor health

Lung disease can result from __________ exposure, leading to damage in the respiratory system.

smoking

Artificial blood can keep patients alive for a short time after extreme blood loss and ensures that the __________ can produce new blood cells.

body

Statins are used to lower levels of __________ cholesterol in the body.

LDL

Fatty liver is caused by excessive __________ consumption, leading to liver damage.

alcohol

Cardiovascular disease is a risk factor associated with __________ related lifestyle choices.

diet

Cancer cells typically divide more rapidly than __________ cells.

normal

Type 2 diabetes is often associated with __________ due to obesity.

insulin resistance

Alveoli are surrounded by __________ to facilitate gas exchange.

capillaries

The __________ cells in the heart regulate the heartbeat.

pacemaker

The __________ generates electrical impulses to trigger heart contractions.

sinoatrial node

Muscular tissue in the stomach helps in the __________ of food.

digestion

The functions of enzymes depend greatly on their __________.

shape

The __________ can lead to serious health impacts if it becomes faulty.

heart

Respiration produces __________ as a waste product.

carbon dioxide

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming __________.

oxyhaemoglobin

To calculate the _________ of blood flow, use the volume of blood divided by the number of minutes.

rate

The __________ involves breaking down large lipid droplets into smaller ones.

emulsification

Bile is alkaline and neutralizes the __________ acid from the stomach.

hydrochloric

The body's first line of defense against pathogens includes __________ blood cells that engulf and digest them.

white

Individuals with high blood pressure are at greater risk for suffering from __________ disease.

heart

To test for starch, iodine is used, which turns __________ when starch is present.

blue-black

Liquid in the blood that carries cells and nutrients is known as __________.

plasma

The __________ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange.

pulmonary artery

Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into __________.

simple sugars

The process of __________ describes when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

diffusion

Cancers such as __________ can be linked to smoking and obesity.

lung cancer

______________ are fragments of cells that help with blood clotting.

Platelets

An increase in __________ results in a greater rate of transpiration due to enhanced evaporation.

temperature

Benedict’s test turns __________ if sugars are present.

brick red

The active site of an enzyme is shaped to fit a specific __________.

substrate

The __________ is the main organ for digestion in the human body.

stomach

The function of the small intestine is to absorb __________ into the blood.

soluble molecules

The __________ circulatory system consists of two circuits; one to the lungs and one to the rest of the body.

double

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach aids in killing __________.

bacteria

Plant cells can be differentiated in their __________ based on their function.

tissues

The process of gas exchange in the lungs primarily occurs in the __________.

alveoli

Coronary heart disease can result in a __________ due to blockage in the arteries supplying blood to the heart.

heart attack

The __________ is the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

mitral valve

Lipases are enzymes that convert lipids into __________ and glycerol.

fatty acids

The __________ arteries provide blood supply to the heart muscle.

coronary

Substrate concentration affects the speed of __________ reactions.

enzyme

Plant meristematic tissue can differentiate into different types of __________ cells.

plant

The buildup of fat within coronary arteries is associated with __________ heart disease.

coronary

If the pH is too high, this can lead to enzymes becoming __________.

denatured

The _________ is a tube-like structure through which air moves in the respiratory system.

trachea

The __________ contains the nucleus and protects white blood cells.

cell membrane

During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to __________ the volume of the chest cavity.

increase

Keeping blood at the right temperature is vital for enzyme __________.

activity

Excessive drinking can lead to fat accumulation in the __________.

liver

An examination revealing the levels of LDL cholesterol can indicate the risk of __________ heart disease.

coronary

Fatty substances are often transported through the __________ system.

circulatory

During respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from __________ to the alveoli.

blood